Table 3.
The characteristics of patients with high AUC of BDNF and low AUC of BDNF at baseline *.
| Low BDNF (n = 214) Mean ± SD |
High BDNF (n = 214) Mean ± SD |
p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 63 ± 12 | 58 ± 11 | <0.001 |
| Male, n (%) | 175 (81.8%) | 178 (83.2%) | 0.799 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 19 (8.9%) | 33 (15.4%) | 0.054 |
| Previous CAD, n (%) | 145 (67.8%) | 122 (57.0%) | 0.028 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.5 ± 3.5 | 26.8 ± 4.0 | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 126 ± 19 | 128 ± 18 | 0.164 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 73 ± 10 | 76 ± 10 | 0.001 |
| AUC of BDNF (ng/mL) × h | 27.7 ± 6.5 | 49.4 ± 8.5 | <0.001 |
| BDNF at fasting (ng/mL) | 20.3 ± 6.7 | 28.6 ± 8.2 | <0.001 |
| BDNF at 30 min (ng/mL) | 13.0 ± 4.8 | 26.1 ± 7.4 | <0.001 |
| BDNF at 120 min (ng/mL) | 12.8 ± 4.9 | 21.5 ± 6.6 | <0.001 |
| AUC of glucose (mmol/L) × h | 16.8 ± 3.2 | 16.6 ± 2.9 | 0.497 |
| Glucose at fasting (mmol/L) | 5.4 ± 0.8 | 5.3 ± 0.7 | 0.198 |
| Glucose at 30 min (mmol/L) | 9.2 ± 1.6 | 9.3 ± 1.7 | 0.339 |
| Glucose at 120 min (mmol/L) | 8.4 ± 2.9 | 8.0 ± 2.4 | 0.088 |
| AUC of insulin (µIU/mL) × h | 144.5 ± 151.4 | 145.8 ± 90.1 | 0.915 |
| Insulin at fasting (µIU/mL) | 10.6 ± 7.1 | 13.7 ± 17.8 | 0.021 |
| Insulin at 30 min (µIU/mL) | 78.0 ± 92.1 | 80.8 ± 64.2 | 0.716 |
| Insulin at 120 min (µIU/mL) | 85.2 ± 95.0 | 82.2 ± 59.7 | 0.695 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.6 ± 1.8 | 3.4 ± 5.6 | 0.039 |
| Insulin incremental response at 30 min (IU/mol) | 18.6 ± 27.0 | 17.6 ± 14.6 | 0.636 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.8 ± 0.6 | 5.9 ± 0.6 | 0.136 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.3 ± 1.0 | 4.5 ± 1.0 | 0.012 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.4 ± 0.8 | 2.6 ± 0.9 | 0.130 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 0.084 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.4 ± 0.7 | 1.7 ± 1.0 | <0.001 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 2.6 ± 2.5 | 2.1 ± 2.3 | 0.017 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) # | 75 ± 22 | 79 ± 19 | 0.014 |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 47 (22.0%) | 29 (13.6%) | 0.032 |
| Glucose regulation status | 0.062 | ||
| Normal, n (%) | 61 (28.5%) | 84 (39.3%) | |
| Prediabetes, n (%) | 47 (22.0%) | 41 (19.2%) | |
| Newly diagnosed diabetes, n (%) | 106 (49.5%) | 89 (41.5%) | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 196 (91.6%) | 204 (95.3%) | 0.171 |
| Antihypertensive agent use, n (%) | 187 (87.4%) | 196 (91.6%) | 0.207 |
| ACE inhibitor or ARB | 130 (60.7%) | 118 (55.1%) | 0.281 |
| α-blocker | 13 (6.1%) | 9 (4.2%) | 0.511 |
| β-blocker | 60 (28.0%) | 64 (29.9%) | 0.749 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 108 (50.5%) | 112 (52.3%) | 0.772 |
| Diuretics | 44 (20.6%) | 27 (12.6%) | 0.038 |
| Statins, n (%) | 128 (59.8%) | 118 (55.1%) | 0.379 |
| Antiplatelet agent, n (%) | 204 (95.3%) | 205 (95.8%) | 0.999 |
| Framingham risk score | 14 ± 5 | 14 ± 5 | 0.520 |
| Primary endpoint, n (%) | 26 (12.1%) | 10 (4.7%) | 0.009 |
| Nonfatal myocardial infarction | 2 (0.9%) | 2 (0.9%) | 0.999 |
| Nonfatal stroke | 8 (3.7%) | 2 (0.9%) | 0.110 |
| Mortality | 16 (7.5%) | 6 (2.8%) | 0.049 |
* Patients were grouped according to the median AUC of BDNF value of 38.0 (ng/mL) × h at baseline. # eGFR was logarithmically transformed in the analyses due to skewed distributions. ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme, ARB = angiotensin II receptor blocker, AUC = area under the curve, BDNF = brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BMI = body mass index, BP = blood pressure, CAD = coronary artery disease, eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate, HbA1c = hemoglobin A1c, HDL = high-density lipoprotein, HOMA-IR = homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, LDL = low-density lipoprotein, SD = standard deviation.