. 2020 Jul 19;21(14):5097. doi: 10.3390/ijms21145097

Table 1.

Immunoregulatory role of galectin-3 in inflammatory and malignant liver diseases.

Disease	Model	Role of Gal-3	Mechanisms	References
Experimental Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC)	Xenobiotic induced PBC in Gal-3 deficient mice	Protective	Gal-3 protects biliary epithelial cells from apoptosis and thus attenuates autoantigen release	[148]
	Novosphingobium aromaticivorans induced PBC in Gal-3 deficient mice	Proinflammatory	Gal-3 is necessary for the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in liver macrophages and subsequent IL-17 mediated inflammatory process	[155]
	Spontaneously developed autoimmune cholangitis in dnTGF-βRII mice and Gal-3 deficient mice	Proinflammatory	Gal-3 is an initiator of inflammatory signaling and mediation of the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and IL-17 proinflammatory cascades	[151]
Experimental Hepatitis	MCMV induced hepatitis Gal-3 deficient mice	Antiinflammatory, protective	Gal-3 attenuates TNF-α-mediated death of hepatocytes	[162]
	α-galactosylceramide induced hepatitis in Gal-3 deficient mice	Proinflammatory	Gal-3 regulates the capacity of DCs to support NKT-cell-mediated liver injury	[163]
	Con A-induced hepatitis in Gal-3 deficient mice and Gal-3 inhibitor treated mice	Proinflammatory	Gal-3 promotes the influx of mononuclear cells and proinflammatory CD4⁺ cells in the liver and decreases influx of IL-10 expressing CD4⁺ T cells and F4/80⁺ macrophages	[164]
Experimental Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease	High-fat diet nonalcoholic steatohepatitis induced in Gal-3 deficient mice	Proinflammatory	Gal-3 increases hepatic accumulation of advanced lipoxidation endproducts, up-regulates lipid synthesis and oxidation causing more fat deposition, oxidative stress, and inflammation	[165]
Experimental Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease	High-fat diet induced steatohepatitis and liver steatosis in Gal-3 deficient mice	Proinflammatory	Increased mRNA expression of CCL2, F4/80, CD11c, TLR4, CD14, NLRP3 inflammasome, IL-1β, IL-13 and IL-33 in the liver	[166]
Experimental Hepatocellular Carcinoma	N-diethylnitrosamine induced hepatocellular carcinoma in Gal-3 deficient mice	Pro-tumor effects	Gal-3 promotes motility and invasion of hepatoma cells by an autocrine pathway	[167]