Table 3.

Anti‐inflammatory effects of AbM, HE and GF ()

Product, Applic.	Study in, of	Effects	Mechanism	Author, Year	References
Mycelium extract incl. HE, GF, (Andosan) p.o.	Healthy Volunteers (n = 10)	Predominantly anti‐inflammatory effect	↓Proinflammatory cytokines	Johnson et al, 2009	[21]
Mycelium extract incl. HE, GF, (Andosan) p.o.	Healthy Volunteers (n = 8)	Antioxidant effect	↓iROS prod. & adhesion molec. expressio in MΦ & granulocytes	Johnson et al, 2012	[24]
Mycelium extract incl. HE, GF, (Andosan) p.o.	IBD patients (50 UC & 50 CD)	Improved symptoms & QoL, espec. in UC	↓ Proinflammatory effect	Therkelsen et al, 2016a‐c	[9, 10, 11]
AbM extract, p.o.	Rats, Pulmonary inflammation	↓ Lung damage induced by carcinogen	Attenuation of pulmonary inflammation & gross consolidation	Croccia et al, 2013	[52]
HE mycelium & erinacine A, p.o.	Rats, brain ischaemia	Protection against brain ischaemia injury induced neuronal cell death	Inhibition of iNOS/P3 MAPK Reduced IL‐1β, IL‐6, TNFα, nerve growth properties	Lee et al, 2014	[53]
AbM extract fractions	Mice, cerebral malaria	Improved consequence of cerebral malaria	↓ TNFα, IL‐6, IL‐1β Antimalarial activity	Val et al, 2015	[47]
HE extract & polysacc., p.o.	Rats, IBD	Improved damages in colonic mucosa of induced IBD	↓MPO activ., NFKB, TNFα, ↑T cell activ. Growth of beneficial gut bacteria and improved host immunity	Diling et al, 2017	[54]
HE polysaccharide, p.o.	Mice, Colitis	Attenuation of colitis, reversing of gut dysbiosis	Downregulation of oxidative stress & inflamm.‐related signalling pathways, Maintaining intestinal barrier	Ren et al, 2018	[55]
AbM dry feed, p.o.	Mice, non‐alcoholic steato‐hepatitis	Prevention	Prevention of oxidative stress	Nakamura et al, 2019	[56]
Erinacine A‐enriched HE mycelia, p.o.	Aged Mice	Increased longevity	Induction of endogenous antioxidant enzymes	Li et al, 2019	[58]