ADA	American Diabetes Association
ANGPTL4	Angiopoietin-like protein-4
BMI	Body mass index
CD	Crohn’s disease
CD8	Cluster of differentiation 8
CFU	Colony forming units
COX-2	Cyclooxygenase-2
CYP7A1	Cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase
DSS	Dextran sulfate sodium
EGCG	Epigallocatechin-3- gallate
FDA	Food and Drug Administration
FGF15	Fibroblast growth factor 15
FGF21	Fibroblast growth factor 21
FFA	Free fatty acids
FOS	Fructo-oligosaccharide
FXR	Farnesoid X receptor
GABA	Gamma-aminobutyric acid
GERD	Gastrointestinal reflux disease
GIT	Gastrointestinal tract
GLP-1	Glucagon like peptide-1
GLUT4	Glucose transporter type 4
GOS	Galacto-oligosaccharide
GPR 40	G-protein coupled receptor 40
GSPE	Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract
HDL	High density lipoprotein
HOMA-β	Homeostatic model assessment for β cell function
HOMA-IR	Homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance
HSHF	High-sucrose high-fat diet
IBD	Inflammatory bowel diseases
IBS	Irritable bowel syndrome
IDF	International Diabetes Federation
IFN-γ	Interferon-gamma
IL	Interleukin
JNK	Jun N-terminal kinase
KYN	Kynurenine
LDL	Low density lipoprotein
LPS	Lipopolysaccharide
MAPK	Mitogen activated protein kinase
MCP-1	Monocyte chemotactic protein-1
MIC	Minimum inhibitory concentration
MS	Metabolic syndrome
NAFLD	Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
NF-kβ	Nuclear factor-kappa Beta
NSAIDs	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
NSP	Non-starch polysaccharides
PGE2	Prostaglandin E2
PPARα	Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha
PUFAs	Polyunsaturated fatty acids
RAAS	Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
SCFAs	Short-chain fatty acids
T2DM	Type 2 diabetes mellitus
TC	Total cholesterol
TG	Triglycerides
TLR	Toll-like receptor
TMAO	Trimethylamine-N-oxide
TNF-α	Tumor necrosis factor alpha
TRP	Tryptophan
UC	Ulcerative colitis
WHO	World Health Organization