Table 1.
Summary of mechanisms of the drugs used in the clinical trials as treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 infection
| Antiviral mechanism of action inhibits TMPRSS2/prevents viral cell entry | Immunosuppressants (cytokine surge prevention) | Antioxidants and dietary supplements |
| Camostat mesylate | Corticosteroids | Alpha‐lipoic acid; vitamin C |
| Nafamostat | Interleukin‐6 inhibitors | Vitamin D; zinc |
| Inhibits S protein/ACE2 interaction | Tocilizumab; sarilumab; Siltuximab | Eicosapentaenoic acid‐free fatty acid |
| (Inhibits membrane fusion of the viral envelope) | Clazakizumab; CMAB806; Ulinastatin | Triiodothyronine |
| Umifenovir (Arbidol) | Naltrexone | Anti‐inflammatory |
| Angiotensin 1‐7 | Interleukin‐1 antagonist | Aspirin; naproxen; colchicine |
| Angiotensin peptide | Anakinra | Ibuprofen; CM4620‐injectable |
| Angiotensin receptor blockers‐Losartan | Anti‐IL‐1β monoclonal antibody | Tradipitant (neurokinin‐1 receptor (NK‐1R) antagonist) |
| Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors‐ramipril | Canakinumab | Escin; tetrandrine (calcium channel blocker) |
| Recombinant human angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (rhACE2) | Interleukin‐8 antagonist | Bovactant (surfactant) |
| Spironolactone | BMS‐986253 | Ketamine; fluvoxamine |
| Inhibits Abl2 kinase activity (inhibits fusion with cell membrane) | Interleukin‐17 inhibitor | LY3127804(angiopotein‐2 inhibitor) |
| Imatinib | Ixekizumab | Metenkefalin + tridecactide |
| Inhibits S protein and CD 147 interaction | TNF‐alpha inhibitor | Antifibrotic agents |
| Meplazumab | Adalimumab | cSVF; defibrotide |
| Inhibits viral entry and endocytosis | XPro1595 | Pirfenidone; Nintedanib |
| Chloroquine | Janus kinase inhibitors | Vazegepant (an intranasal, high‐affinity calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonist |
| Hydroxychloroquine | Baricitinib; ruxolitinib; Jakotinib | Iron chelating agent |
| Inhibits 3–chymotrypsin‐like protease | TD‐0903 | Desferal |
| Lopinavir; darunavir; Ritonavir; danprevir | Interferon‐γ antagonist | |
| ASC09; atovaquone, famotidine | Emapalumab | Miscellaneous |
| Inhibitors of viral polymerase complex | C5 complement inhibitor | FT516 |
| Inhibits viral RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase | Eculizumab | NK cell immunotherapy engineered to express a high affinity, non‐cleavable version of CD16 (hnCD16) for enhanced antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) |
| Remdesivir; favipiravir; ribavirin | Ravulizumab | Methotrexate‐loaded Nanoparticles |
| Triazavirin | IFX‐1 | Inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) |
| Cap‐dependent endonuclease activity inhibitor | Phosphoinositide 3‐kinase inhibitor | Acalabrutinib |
| Baloxavir marboxil | Duvelisib | Agonist of peripheral chemoreceptors located on the carotid bodies |
| Inhibits viral RNA‐dependent DNA polymerase | Immunomodulators | Almitrine |
| Emtricitabine/tenofovir | NK cell stimulant | Delta‐opioid receptor antagonist |
| Azvudine | AVM0703 | Dalargin |
| Clevudine | T cell stimulants | Human vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) |
| Inhibits viral RNA synthesis (NS5B protein) | Thymosin | Aviptadil |
| Sofosbuvir; ledipasvir | Anti‐PD1 inhibitor | VEGF inhibitor |
| Inhibits viral transcription and translation (inhibits protein NS5A) | Nivolumab; camrelizumab | Bevacizumab |
| Daclatasvir | M1 suppression therapy | Androgen receptor blockade |
| Neuraminidase inhibitor | Progesterone | Bicalutamide |
| Oseltamivir | Myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSC) inhibition | Macrolide antibiotic |
| DAS181 | Avdoralimab (C5a receptors (C5aR) inhibitor) | Carrimycin |
| Interferons; interferon‐β; Interferon‐α | Anti‐GM‐CSF monoclonal antibody | Unclear mechanism of action |
| Interferon‐λ | TJ003234 | Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy |
| Super‐compound interferon (rSIFN‐co) | GM‐CSF | Suramin sodium |
| Enhance type 1 interferon production | Sargramostim | Etoposide (HLH treatment) |
| TAK‐981 | Gimsilumab | T89 |
| Inhibit nuclear transport of virus | mTOR inhibitor | Oral LL‐37 antiviral peptide (CAS001) |
| Ivermectin | Sirolimus | Thymus regeneration and immune restoration |
| Viral helicase inhibition | Ubiquitin ligase inhibition | Somatropin, metformin, and DHEA |
| Bismuth | Lenalidomide | |
| Calpain inhibitor | Thalidomide | |
| BLD‐2660 | Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitor | |
| Inhibit viral Claritin | Leflunomide | |
| Chlorpromazine | CCR5 receptor entry inhibitor | |
| Papain like protease (PLpro) inhibitors | Leronlimab | |
| Isotretinoin | TLR 2/6/9 agonist | |
| XPO1 inhibitor | PUL‐042 inhalation | |
| Selinexor | Miscellaneous | |
| Other antiviral mechanisms | CD24Fc | |
| Nitazoxanide | Polyinosinic‐polycytidylic acid | |
| Recombinant cytokine gene‐derived protein | ||
| Estrogen patch | ||
| Recombinant human plasma gelsolin (rhu‐pGSN) | ||
| Mycobacterium w |