Table 1.

Major cytokines involved in CSS in the context of different diseases

Disease background	Cytokines	References
MAS	IFN‐γ, TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐2, sIL2Rα, IL‐6, IL‐10, IL‐12, IL‐18	[51, 52, 53]
CAR T cell therapy	IFN‐γ, TNF‐α, IL‐1, IL‐2, sIL2Rα, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10, IL‐12, MCP‐1, MIP‐1a, GM‐CSF	[16, 49]
H5N1 influenza	IFN‐γ, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10, MCP‐1, MIG, IP‐10,	[11]
H1N1 influenza	IFN‐γ, TNF‐α, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐9, IL‐17, IL‐15, IL‐12p70	[50]
SARS	IFN‐γ, IL‐1, IL‐6, IL‐12, TGF‐β, MCP‐1, MIG, IP‐10, IL‐8	[10]
MERS	IFN‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐2, IL‐6, IL‐8, MCP‐1, MIP‐1a, CCL‐5	[10]

CAR T cell, chimeric antigen receptor T cell; CCL, chemokine (C‐C motif) ligand; CSS, cytokine storm syndrome; GM‐CSF, granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor; IFN‐γ, interferon‐γ; IL, interleukin; IP‐10, interferon‐gamma‐induced protein‐10; MAS, macrophage activation syndrome; MCP‐1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; MERS, Middle East respiratory syndrome; MIG, monokine induced by IFN‐gamma; MIP‐1a, macrophage inflammatory protein 1a; SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome; sIL2Rα, soluble IL2 receptor α; TGF‐β, transforming growth factor‐β; TNF‐α, tumour necrosis factor‐α.