TABLE 4.
Risk factors associated with death in critically ill a COVID‐19 patients
| Univariable OR (95% CI) | P value | Multivariable OR (95% CI) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics and baseline characteristics | ||||
| Age | 1.04 (1.01, 1.08) | .0049 | 1.04 (1.00‐1.08) | .0290 |
| Female sex (vs male) | 0.61 (0.28, 1.31) | .2018 | — | — |
| Exposure history | 0.33 (0.07, 1.61) | .1700 | — | — |
| Comorbidities | 1.09 (0.45, 2.62) | .8525 | — | — |
| Surgery history | 0.91 (0.44, 1.89) | .8012 | — | — |
| Smokers (vs nonsmokers) | 2.84 (1.07, 7.56) | .0368 | 5.21 (1.39‐19.52) | .0143 |
| Symptomatic and radiological characteristics | ||||
| Fever | 1.01 (0.31, 3.27) | .9924 | — | — |
| Cough | 0.56 (0.26, 1.24) | .1560 | — | — |
| Chest tightness/Dyspnea | 3.18 (1.51, 6.71) | .0024 | 3.03 (1.18‐7.79) | .0214 |
| Fatigue | 1.34 (0.63, 2.87) | .4496 | — | — |
| Myalgia | 0.99 (0.31, 3.23) | .9924 | — | — |
| GI tract symptom | 1.39 (0.68, 2.84) | .3692 | — | — |
| Loss of appetite | 0.27 (0.07, 1.00) | .0503 | — | — |
| Affected lobe numbers b | 1.94 (1.07, 3.50) | .0278 | 1.71 (1.06‐2.78) | .0293 |
| Subpleural lesion | 0.35 (0.12, 1.03) | .0562 | — | — |
| Laboratory findings | ||||
| Leukocyte count (×109/L) | 1.10 (1.01, 1.20) | .0245 | — | — |
| <3.5 | 0.64 (0.24, 1.72) | .3740 | — | — |
| 3.5‐9.5 | 1 (ref) | — | — | — |
| >9.5 | 1.98 (0.83, 4.70) | .1221 | — | — |
| Neutrophil count (109/L) | 1.03 (0.97, 1.08) | .3476 | — | — |
| <1.8 | 0.58 (0.14, 2.29) | .4324 | — | — |
| 1.8‐6.3 | 1 (ref) | — | — | |
| >6.3 | 1.92 (0.89, 4.14) | .0977 | — | — |
| Lymphocyte count (×109/L) | 1.08 (0.78, 1.48) | .6545 | — | — |
| <1.1 | 1.50 (0.57, 3.97) | .4153 | — | — |
| 1.1‐3.2 | 1 (ref) | — | — | |
| >3.2 | 4.57 (0.35, 59.11) | .2445 | — | — |
| Eosinophil count (×109/L) | 0.21 (0.00, 60.64) | .5886 | — | — |
| <0.02 | 1.55 (0.71, 3.40) | .2733 | — | — |
| 0.02‐0.52 | 1 (ref) | — | — | |
| Platelet (×109/L) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | .6498 | — | — |
| <125 | 0.74 (0.34, 1.60) | .4395 | — | — |
| 125‐350 | 1 (ref) | — | — | — |
| >350 | 0.46 (0.09, 2.42) | .3581 | — | — |
| NLR | 1.03 (1.00, 1.06) | .0633 | — | — |
| ≤7.726 | 1 (ref) | — | — | — |
| >7.726 | 4.28 (1.99, 9.21) | .0002 | — | — |
| CRP (mg/L) | 1.02 (1.01, 1.02) | <.0001 | 1.01 (1.00‐1.02) | .0094 |
| ≤3 | 1 (ref) | — | — | — |
| >3 | — | .9907 | — | — |
| SAA (mg/L) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) | .2400 | — | — |
| ≤10 | 1 (ref) | — | — | — |
| >10 | 0.93 (0.08, 10.86) | .9518 | — | — |
| PCT (ng/mL) | 1.22 (0.95, 1.55) | .1204 | — | — |
| 0‐0.1 | 1 (ref) | — | — | — |
| >0.1 | 3.55 (1.59, 7.95) | .0020 | 2.15 (0.77‐6.02) | .1464 |
| D‐dimer (μg/mL) | 1.06 (1.00, 1.12) | .0624 | — | — |
| Within normal range c | 1 (ref) | — | — | — |
| Increased c | 1.20 (0.54, 2.68) | .6579 | — | — |
| CK (U/L) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | .2859 | — | — |
| ≤200 | 1 (ref) | — | — | — |
| >200 | 1.33 (0.53, 3.33) | .5384 | — | — |
| CK‐MB (ng/mL) | 1.07 (0.88, 1.31) | .4985 | — | — |
| ≤6.22 | 1 (ref) | — | — | — |
| >6.22 | 0.60 (0.06, 5.80) | .6613 | — | — |
| ALT (U/L) | 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) | .0755 | — | — |
| ≤50 | 1 (ref) | — | — | — |
| >50 | 1.77 (0.80, 3.93) | .1593 | — | — |
| AST (U/L) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | .3504 | — | — |
| ≤40 | 1 (ref) | — | — | — |
| >40 | 1.44 (0.67, 3.07) | .3475 | — | — |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 1.10 (1.02, 1.18) | .0082 | 1.06 (0.99‐1.14) | .1004 |
| ≤7.6 | 1 (ref) | — | — | — |
| >7.6 | 3.89 (1.66, 9.08) | .0017 | — | — |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/L) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) | .2323 | — | — |
| ≤104 | 1 (ref) | — | — | — |
| >104 | 2.64 (1.03, 6.77) | .0433 | — | — |
Chi‐square test or Fisher's exact test was used, as appropriate, to evaluate the difference between nonsurvived and severe & survived patients.
Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CK, serum creatinine kinase; CK‐MB, creatinine kinase‐MB; CRP, C‐reactive protein; GI tract, gastrointestinal tract; NLR, neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio; OR, odds ratio; PCT, procalcitonin; SAA, serum amyloid A.
Critically ill patients include nonsurvived (n = 49) and severe & survived (n = 78) patients.
Affected lobe number(s) was analyzed as a continuous variable.
The normal range of D‐dimer was adjusted according to the age of each patient.