Table 1.
Bioactive compounds from agro-industrial waste and biological effect on aquatic organisms.
| Bioactive Compound. | Source (Doses) | Species | Biological Properties | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phenolic compounds | Corn silk extract (3.5 g/kg) |
Oreochromis niloticus | Antioxidant, Immunostimulant |
↓MDA ↑Lysozyme, against Aeromonas hydrophila [89] |
| Phenolic compounds | Sorghum distillery residue (200 g/kg) |
Mugil cephalus | Antioxidant | ↓LDL oxidation ↑TAC [92] |
| Phenolic compounds | Banana peel (10, 30, 50, 70 g/kg) |
Labeo rohita | Antioxidant, Immunostimulant |
↓MDA ↑SOD, CAT, GPx ↑IL-1 β, TNF- α ↑Survival rate against Aeromonas hydrophila [94] |
| Phenolic compounds | Orange peel (2, 4, 6, 8 g/kg) |
O. Oreochromis niloticus | Antioxidant | ↑SOD, CAT, GPx [95] |
| Phenolic compounds: gallic, 2-hydroxycinnamic and protocatechuic acids, quercetin, mangiferine, methyl gallate, ethyl gallate |
Mango peel extract (50, 100, 150, 200 mg/kg) |
Danio rerio | Antioxidant | ↑CAT ↓MDA [98] |
| β-glucans | Mushroom stalk waste extract (5, 10 g/kg) |
Oreochromis niloticus | Antioxidant | ↑SOD, CAT [99,100] |
| Phenolic compounds: proanthocyanidin, catechins, epicatechins |
Grape seeds (0.1, 0.2 g/kg) |
Dicentrarchus labrax L. | Immunostimulant | ↓IL-1β, IL-6. ↑IFN-γ ↑MMCs [75] |
| Phenolic compounds: catechins, epigallocatechins |
Grape seeds (0.1, 0.2 g/kg) |
Dicentrarchus labrax L. | Immunostimulant | ↑Peroxidase ↑Dopa-oxidase ↑MMCs [103] |
| Phenolic compounds | Olive waste cake (0.5, 2.5, 5 g/kg) |
Oncorhynchus mykiss | Antioxidant, Immunostimulant |
↑SOD, GPx ↑Lysozyme, Ig ↑IL-8 ↓TGF-β [104] |
| Phenolic compounds | Mixture of chestnut wood and olive mill wastewater extract (0.5, 1, 2 g/kg) |
Amatitlania nigrofasciata | Antioxidant, Immunostimulant |
↑Growth performance ↑Ig ↑Lysozyme, peroxidase ↑CAT [106] |
| Phenolic compounds | Mixture of chestnut wood and olive mill wastewater extract (0.5, 1, 2 g/kg) |
Cyprinus carpio L. | Immunostimulant | ↑Growth performance ↑Ig, lysozyme ↑CAT, peroxidase [107] |
| Essential oils | Orange peel (1, 3, 5 g/kg) |
Oreochromis mossambicus | Immunostimulant | ↑Lysozyme, MPO ↑Survival rate against Streptococcus iniae [111] |
| Essential oils | Lemon peel (5, 7.5, 10 g/kg) |
Oreochromis mossambicus | Immunostimulant | ↑NBT ↑Lysozyme, MPO ↓Mortality against Edwardsiella tarda [112] |
| Essential oils | Lemon peel (10, 20, 50, 80 g/kg) |
Labeo victorianus | Immunostimulant | ↑Red blood cells, leucocytes, hematocrits, neutrophils ↑Ig, lysozyme ↓Mortality against Aeromonas hydrophila [128] |
| Glucans | Split gill mushroom cultivation waste extract (100 µg/mL) |
Oreochromis niloticus | Immunostimulant | ↑Ig, lysozyme ↑TNF-α, IL-1β, NF-κB ↑Survival rate against Aeronomas veronii [116] |
| Phenolic compounds | Olive mill waste water (0.5, 5 g/kg) |
Astacus leptodactylus | Antioxidant, Immunostimulant, Microbiota modulation |
↑Growth performance ↑CAT, GR ↑Haemocytes ↓Total intestinal bacteria [126] |
| Arabinoxylans oligosaccharides | Wheat bran (20, 40 g/kg) |
Acipenser baerii | Microbiota modulation | ↑Eubacteriaceae, Clostridiaceae, Streptococcaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Bacillaceae [123] |
| Arabinoxylans oligosaccharides | Wheat bran (20 g/kg) |
Acipenser baerii | Immunostimulant, Microbiota modulation |
↑Peroxidase, phagocytic activity ↓Aeromonas sp., Citrobacter freundii, Escherichia coli ↑Short-chain fatty acids [124] |
CAT—catalase; GPx—glutathione peroxidase; GR—glutathione reductase; IFN-γ—interferon-gamma; Ig—immunoglobulins; IL—interleukin; LDL—low-density lipoproteins; MDA—malondialdehyde; MMCs—melanomacrophage centers; MPO—myeloperoxidase; NBT—nitroblue tetrazolium; NF-κB—nuclear factor kappa light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; SOD—superoxide dismutase; TAC—total antioxidant capacity; TGF-β—transforming growth factor-beta; TNF-α—tumor necrosis factor-alpha.