Table 4.
Concentration of pomegranate juice by osmotic distillation.
| Feed | Osmotic Agent | Membrane Type | Average Flux (kg/m2h) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clarified juice by UF | CaCl2x2H2O, 10.2 M | hollow fiber, PP (Liqui-Cel® Extra-Flow 2.5 × 8-in. membrane contactor, Hoechst-Celanese, Wiesbaden, Germany) | 0.5 | [56] |
| Clarified juice by UF | CaCl2x2H2O, 65% w/w | hollow fiber, PP (MD 020 CP 2N, Microdyn-Nadir, Wiesbaden, Germany) | 1.1 | [108] |
| Clarified juice by UF | CaCl2, 6 M | hollow fiber, PP (Liqui Cel® minimodule 1.7 × 5.5 in., Membrana, Charlotte, NC, USA) | 0.62 | [104] |
| Clarified juice by PP spun filter) | CaCl2x2H2O, 6 M | flat-sheet, PTFE and PVDF (TS Filter, Hangzhou, China) | 0.7 (PVDF); 1.5 (PTFE) | [105] |
| Clarified juice by UF and preconcentrated by plasma modified RO membranes | CaCl2x2H2O, 65% w/w | capillary, PP (MD 020 CP 2N, Microdyn-Nadir, Wiesbaden, Germany) | 0.65 | [94] |
| Raw juice | CaCl2, 5.43 M | nanofibrous PEBA membrane on a non-woven polyester substrate (prepared in laboratory) | 2-2.3 | [44] |