Table 1.

Study design, demographics, intervention arms, and outcomes

Study	Country	Design	Arms	Groups	Number of of patients			Mean age			Males			Primary outcome
					I1	I2	C	I1	I2	C	I1	I2	C
Chen et al 14	China	RCT	2	HCQ vs control	31		31	44.1		45.2	14		15	Clinical recovery
Chen et al 15	China	RCT	2	HCQ vs control	15		15	50.5		46.7	9		12	Viral clearance
Borba et al 16	Brazil	RCT	2	HCQ low dose vs high dose	41	40		54.7	47.4		10	10		Adverse events
Magagnoli et al 13	USA	Retrospective	3	HCQ vs HCQ + AZ vs control	97	113	158	70	68	69	97	113	158	Mortality, intubation
Molina et al 12	France	Case series	1	HCQ high dose + AZ	11						7			Viral clearance
Mahevas et al 11	France	Retrospective	2	HCQ vs control	84		97	59		62	65		63	ICU, mortality
Gautret et al 8	France	Prospective	3	HCQ vs HCQ + AZ vs control	14	6	16	51.2		37.3	9		6	Viral clearance
Gautret et al 9	France	Prospective	1	HCQ + AZ	80			52.5			43			Clinical recovery, viral clearance, length of stay
Tang et al 7	China	Open label	2	HCQ vs control	75		75	48		46.1	42		40	Viral clearance
Huang et al 32	China	RCT	2	HCQ vs L/R	10	12		41.5	53		7	6		Viral clearance, imaging recover, LOS
Geleris et al 10	USA	Retrospective	2	HCQ vs control	811		565				474		307	Intubation, death
Rosenberg et al 34	USA	Retrospective	4	HCQ + AZ vs HCQ vs AZ vs control	735	271	221	61.4	65.5	64	456	158	110	All‐cause mortality, cardiac arrest and ECG abnormalities
Cao et al 26	China	RCT	2	L/R vs control	99		100	58		58	61		59	Time to clinical recovery
Li Y et al 27	China	RCT	3	L/R vs arbidol vs control	34	35	17	50.7	50.5	44.3	17	16	7	Viral clearance
Lou et al 28	China	RCT	3	B/M vs Favipravir vs control	10	9	10	53.5	58	46.6	7	7	7	Viral clearance
Grein et al 23	USA	Prospective	1	Remdesivir	53			64			40			Clinical course
Wang et al 19	China	RCT	2	Remdesivir vs Placebo	158		78	66		64	89		51	Time to clinical recovery
Luo et al 21	China	Retrospective	1	Tocilizumab	15			73			12			Laboratory improvement
Xu X et al 20	China	Retrospective	1	Tocilizumab	21			56.8			18			Clinical course
Fang et al 29	China	Retrospective	2	Oral steroids vs control	9		46	40.2		39.9	5		22	Viral clearance
Fang et al 29	China	Retrospective	2	Intravenous steroids vs control	16		7	60.6		54.3	12		5	Viral clearance
Guan et al 3	China	Retrospective	1	steroids	204									ICU, intubation, mortality
Lu et al 25	China	Retrospective	2	Steroids vs control	151		93	64		59	83		45	Mortality
Lu et al 25	China	Retrospective	2	Steroid vs control	31		31	57		58	16		16	Mortality
Wu et al 4 , 18	China	Retrospective	2	Steroids vs control	50		34							Mortality
Wang et al 19	China	Retrospective	2	Intravenous steroids vs control	26		20	54		53	16		10	Clinical course
Zhang et al 17	China	Case series	1	Plasma	4						2			⋯
Ahn et al 33	Korea	Case series	1	Plasma	2			69			1			⋯
Shen et al 31	China	Case series	1	Plasma	5						3			Clinical recovery
Duan et al 30	China	Retrospective	1	Plasma	10			52.5			6			Adverse events
Ye et al24	China	case series	1	Plasma	6			64			3			Clinical recovery

Abbreviations: AZ, azithromycin; B/M, baloxavir/marboxil; ECG, electrocardiogram; HCQ, hydroxychloroquine; I1, intervention 1; I2, intervention 2; ICU, intensive care unit; L/R, lopinavir/ritonavir; USA, United States of America.