Table 3.

Anti-fungi properties of bee venom and its compounds.

Bee Venom/ Isolated Compounds	Organism	Method	Dose/Mode of Action	Reference
Bee venom	T. mentagrophytes	Broth dilution	At 0.63 ppm inhibits 92% After 1 h.	[89]
	T. rubrum	Broth dilution	At 0.63 ppm inhibits 26% After 1 h.	[89]
	C. albicans	Disc diffusion	Prevents dimorphism MIC 40 µg/mL for 48 h.	[92]
	C. albicans	Broth microdilution	MIC 62.5–125 μg/mL for 24 h.	[88]
	Candida krusei	Broth microdilution	MIC 60 µg/mL throughout 48 h.	[16]
	A. alternate	NR	At 1 µg/mL inhibits 50% of interleukin (IL)-6 production.	[3]
			At 1 µg/mL inhibits 28.8% of interleukin (IL)-8 production.	[3]
Melittin	C. krusei	Broth microdilution	MIC 30 µg/mL for 48 h	[16]
	C. albicans	NR	Disruptive the mitochondrial membrane.	[90]
			Apoptotic for 4 h
	Aspergillus flavus (KCTC 1375)	Microdilution method and MTT assay	MIC 1.25 µM	[93]
			PC: Amphotericin B:
			MIC 2.5 µM
			Fluconazole: MIC 10 µM
			Itraconazole: MIC 10 µM
	Malassezia furfur (KCTC 7744)	Microdilution method and MTT assay	MIC 1.25 µM	[93]
			PC: Amphotericin B: MIC 2.5 µM
			Fluconazole: MIC 5 µM
			Itraconazole: MIC 5 µM
	C. albicans (ATCC 90028)	Microdilution method and MTT assay	MIC 2.5 µM	[93]
			PC: Amphotericin B: MIC 5 µM
			Fluconazole: MIC 10 µM
			Itraconazole: MIC 10 µM
Apamin	A. alternate	NR	At 1 µg/mL inhibits 42.6% of interleukin (IL)-6 production.	[3]
			At 1 µg/mL inhibits 38.7% of interleukin (IL)-8 production.	[3]

NR, Not reported; ppm, Parts per million.