Table 2.
Toxic responses of ethanol-soluble compounds in the Chaetomium globosum and Ch. cochliodes extracts as determined by the boar sperm bioassays BSMIM and SMIDM and by the cytostatic ICP assay involving porcine kidney cells (PK-15) and murine neuroblastoma cells (MNA). All target cells were exposed at 37 °C.
| Strain | Code | EC50 (µg dry wt mL−1) | Identified Metabolite | Estimated Concentration (mg mL−1) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BSMIM | SMIDM | ICP | |||||
| Boar Sperm | PK-15 | MNA | |||||
| 20 min | 2 h | 2 days | 2 days | ||||
| Biomasses | |||||||
| Group I blue green fluorescent | |||||||
| Ch. globosum | MTAV35 | 5 | 450 | 40 | 20 | chaetoglobosin | 3.4 |
| chaetoviridin A | 0.02 | ||||||
| chaetoviridin C | 0.2 | ||||||
| Ch. globosum | MTAV37 | 10 | 350 | 30 | 15 | No data | |
| Ch. globosum | HAS5 | 5 | 310 | 50 | 25 | chaetoglobosin | 3.9 |
| chaetoviridin A | 0.5 | ||||||
| chaetoviridin C | 0.2 | ||||||
| Ch. globosum | RUK10 | 5 | 300 | 20 | 10 | chaetoglobosin | 4.2 |
| chaetoviridin A | 0.04 | ||||||
| chaetoviridin C | 0.05 | ||||||
| Ch. globosum | ABCD | 5 | 450 | 30 | 15 | chaetoglobosin | 4.24 |
| chaetoviridin A | 0.3 | ||||||
| chaetoviridin C | 0.05 | ||||||
| Group II Non-fluorescent | |||||||
| Ch. cochliodes | OT7 | 10 | 480 | 0.5 | 0.5 | chaetomin | 1.3 |
| chaetoviridin A | 0.13 | ||||||
| chaetomugilin D | 0.02 | ||||||
| OT7b | 10 | 480 | 0.8 | 0.8 | chaetomin | 1.2 | |
| chaetoviridin A | 0.3 | ||||||
| chaetomugilin D | 0.2 | ||||||
| Exudate | 2c/MT | Chaetoglobosin 1 | |||||
| Reference mycotoxin | Biological activity | ||||||
| Alamethicin (Trichoderma arundinaceum) |
5 | 1 | 8 | 8 | Lethal toxin, K+ and Na+ ion channel former [41] |
||
| Chaetoglobosin A (Ch. globosum) |
1 | 12 | 3 | 1 | Sublethal toxin, inhibitor of glucose transport [42] | ||
| Citrinin (Penicillium citrinum) |
>100 | 50 | 10 | 10 | Cytostatic toxin, nephrotoxic [41] | ||
| Sterigmatocystin (Aspergillus spp.) | >20 | >20 | 0.5 | Cytostatic toxin, inhibitor of protein synthesis [42] | |||
| Valinomycin (Streptomyces griseus) |
0.0001 | 70 | 14 | Sublethal toxin, mitochondrial toxin, potassium carrier ionophore [43] | |||
1 Chaetoglobosin detected in the exudate collected from the malt extract agar (MEA) plate [6].