Table 1.
Characteristics of the studies included in the systematic review and meta‐analysis
| First author | Study design | Date (MM/DD) | City, country | Quality score (%) | COVID‐19 patients | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Age mean ± SD/median (1st quartile‐3rd quartile) | Sex (male/female) | Population type | |||||
| Bai T 26 | Cross‐sectional | (Preprint) 03/05 | Wuhan, China | 62.5 | 127 | 55.0 (44.0‐67.0) | 80/47 | Inpatient |
| Cai Q 27 | Cross‐sectional | 04/02 | Shenzhen, China | 66.7 | 298 | 47.0 (33.0‐61.0) | 149/149 | Inpatient |
| Chen D 28 | Cohort | 06/11 | Wenzhou, China | 72.9 | 175 | 46 (34.0‐54.0) | 88/87 | Inpatient |
| Chen G 29 | Cross‐sectional | 03/27 | Wuhan, China | 75.0 | 21 | 56.3 ± 14.3 | 17/4 | Inpatient |
| Chen J 30 | Cohort | 03/19 | Shanghai, China | 70.8 | 249 | 51.0 (36.0‐64.0) | 126/123 | Inpatient |
| Chen L 31 | Cross‐sectional | 03/14 | Wuhan, China | 60.4 | 29 | 56.0 (26.0‐79.0) | 21/8 | Inpatient |
| Chen N 32 | Case series | 02/03 | Wuhan, China | 62.6 | 99 | 55·5 ± 13·1 | 67/32 | Inpatient |
| Chen Z 33 | Cross‐sectional | (Preprint) 03/02 | Wuhan, China | 64.6 | 89 | 33·3 ± 6·6 | 30/59 | Inpatient |
| Cheng JL 34 | Cross‐sectional | 03/02 | Henan province, China | 50.0 | 1079 | 46.0 (IQR = 24.0) | 573/505 | Inpatient |
| Fan Z 35 | Cohort | 04/10 | Shanghai, China | 68.7 | 148 | 50.0 (36.0‐64.0) | 73/75 | Inpatient |
| Feng Z 36 | Cohort | (Preprint) 02/23 | Changsha, China | 75.0 | 141 | 44.0 (34.0‐55.0) | 72/69 | Inpatient |
| Fu H 37 | Cross‐sectional | (Preprint) 03/01 | Kunming, China | 47.9 | 36 | Median: 45.0 | 16/20 | Inpatient |
| Range, 3.0‐79.0 | ||||||||
| Fu L 38 | Cohort | (Preprint) 03/16 | Wuhan, China | 64.6 | 200 | ‐ | 99/101 | Inpatient |
| Gong J 39 | Cohort | 04/16 | Guangzhou, Wuhan, China | 79.2 | 189 | 49.0 (35.0‐63.0) | 88/101 | Inpatient |
| Guan WJ 40 | Cohort | 02/28 | Guangzhou, Wuhan, China | 58.3 | 1099 | 47.0 (35.0–58.0) | 637/459 | Inpatient and outpatient |
| Han R 41 | Cross‐sectional | 03/18 | Wuhan, China | 58.3 | 108 | Mean: 45.0 | 38/70 | Inpatient |
| Huang C 42 | Cohort | 01/24 | Wuhan, China | 68.7 | 41 | 49.0 (41.0‐58.0) | 30/11 | Inpatient |
| Huang M 43 | Cohort | (Preprint) 02/19 | Chongqing, China | 64.6 | 197 | 49.0 (41·0‐58·0) | 109/88 | Inpatient |
| Jin JM 44 | Case series | 04/29 | Wuhan, China | 54.2 | 43 | 62.0 (51.0‐70.0) | 22/21 | Inpatient |
| Jin X 45 | Case‐control | 03/24 | Zhejiang province, China | 77.1 | 651 | 45.2 ± 14.4 | 331/320 | Inpatient |
| Jin X 46 | Cross‐sectional | 03/17 | Zhejiang province, China | 68.7 | 788 | 45.8 ± 14.9 | 407/381 | Inpatient |
| Kong I 47 | Case series | 02/14 | South Korea | 41.7 | 28 | 42.6 (20.0‐73.0) | 15/13 | Inpatient |
| Kuang Y 48 | Cross‐sectional | (Preprint) 02/28 | Zhejiang province, China | 62.5 | 944 | 47.4 ± 22.9 | 476/468 | N/A |
| Lei Z 49 | Cross‐sectional | 04/09 | Guangzhou, China | 64.6 | 20 | 43.2 ± 14·0 | 10/10 | Inpatient |
| Li J 50 | Case series | (Preprint) 02/12 | Dazhou, China | 54.2 | 17 | 45.0 (22.0‐65.0) | 9/8 | Inpatient |
| Li L 51 | Cross‐sectional | (Preprint) 03/10 | Beijing, China | 75.0 | 85 | 49.0 (36.0‐64.0) | 47/38 | Inpatient |
| Li YY 52 | Cross‐sectional | 02/14 | Wuhan, China | 64.6 | 31 | 54.0 ± 13.0 | 15/16 | Inpatient |
| Liang Y 53 | Cross‐sectional | (Preprint) 02/28 | Beijing, China | 75.0 | 21 | 42.0 (34.5‐66.0) | 11/10 | Outpatient |
| Liu C 54 | Cross‐sectional | 02/20 | Lanzhou, Shenyang, Ankang, Lishui, Zhenjiang, Baoding, Linxiazhou, China | 70.1 | 32 | 38.6 (26.3‐45.8) | 20/12 | Inpatient |
| Liu F 55 | Case series | 03/12 | Hangzhou, China | 47.8 | 10 | 42.0 (34.0‐50.0) | 4/6 | Inpatient |
| Liu K 56 | Cohort | 02/07 | Hubei province, China | 52.1 | 137 | 55.0 ± 16.0 | 61/76 | Inpatient |
| Liu W 57 | Case series | (Preprint) 02/20 | Wuhan, China | 72.9 | 936 | 53.0 ± 14·8 | 296/332 | Outpatient |
| Liu Y 58 | Case series | 02/09 | Shenzhen, China | 58.3 | 12 | 54.0 (10.0‐72.0) | 8/4 | Inpatient |
| Lo IL 15 | Case series | 03/15 | Macau, China | 64.6 | 10 | 54.0 (27.0–64.0) | 3/7 | Inpatient |
| Luo S 59 | Case series | 03/18 | Wuhan, China | 41.7 | 1141 | Mean: 53.8 | 102/81 | Inpatient |
| Miao C 60 | Cross‐sectional | (Preprint) 03/24 | Shanghai, Nanchang, Yichun, China | 68.7 | 62 | 43.8 ± 13.9 | 32/30 | Inpatient |
| Mo P 61 | Case series | 03/16 | Wuhan, China | 83.3 | 155 | 54.0 (42.0‐66.0) | 86/69 | Inpatient |
| Pan L 62 | Cross‐sectional | 04/14 | Wuhan, Huanggang, China | 81.2 | 204 | 52.9 ± 16.0 | 107/97 | Inpatient |
| Shi H 63 | Case series | 02/24 | Wuhan, China | 70.1 | 81 | 49·5 ± 11·0 | 42/39 | Inpatient |
| Song F 64 | Cross‐sectional | 02/06 | Shanghai, China | 72.9 | 51 | 49.0 ± 16.0 | 25/26 | Inpatient |
| Sun W 65 | Cross‐sectional | 03/15 | Zhejiang province, China | 54.2 | 148 | 48.0 (37.0‐56.0) | 73/75 | N/A |
| Sun Y 66 | Case‐control | 03/25 | Singapore | 91.7 | 54 | 42.0 (34.0‐54.0) | 29/25 | Inpatient and outpatient |
| Tang X 67 | Case‐sontrol | 03/26 | Wuhan, China | 72.9 | 73 | 67.0 (57.0‐72.0) | 45/28 | Inpatient |
| Wan S 68 | Cohort | 03/21 | Chongqing, China | 77.1 | 135 | 47.0 (36.0‐55.0) | 72/63 | Inpatient |
| Wang D 69 | Case series | 02/07 | Wuhan, China | 75.0 | 138 | 56.0 (42.0‐68.0) | 75/63 | Inpatient |
| Wei XS 70 | Case series | 04/18 | Wuhan, China | 68.7 | 84 | 37.0 (24.0‐74.0) | 28/56 | Inpatient |
| Wen Y 71 | Cross‐sectional | (Preprint) 03/23 | Shenzhen, China | 75.0 | 417 | 45.4 ± 17.7 | 197/220 | Inpatient and outpatient |
| Wu J 72 | Cross‐sectional | 02/29 | Jiangsu, China | 64.6 | 80 | 46.1 ± 15.4 | 39/41 | Inpatient |
| Xu T 73 | Cohort | 04/14 | Jiangsu, China | 68.7 | 51 | ‐ | 25/26 | Inpatient |
| Xu W 74 | Cross‐sectional | (Preprint) 03/18 | Suzhou, China | 70.1 | 87 | 44.6 ± 14.7 | 46/41 | Inpatient |
| Fang Y 75 | Case series | 02/19 | Zhejiang province, China | 68.7 | 62 | 41.0 (32.0‐52.0) | 35/27 | Inpatient |
| Xu YH 76 | Cross‐sectional | 02/25 | Beijing, China | 54.1 | 50 | 43.9 ± 16.8 | 29/21 | Inpatient |
| Yang W 77 | Case series | 02/26 | Wenzhou, China | 79.2 | 149 | 45.1 ± 13.4 | 81/68 | Inpatient |
| Yao N 78 | Cross‐sectional | 03/10 | Xi'an, China | 56.3 | 40 | 53.9 ± 15.8 | 25/15 | Inpatient |
| Young BE 79 | Case series | 03/03 | Singapore | 62.5 | 18 | 47.0 (31.0‐73.0) | 9/9 | Inpatient |
| Yu F 80 | Cohort | 03/28 | Beijing, China | 70.1 | 76 | 40.0 (32.0‐63.0) | 38/38 | Inpatient |
| Zhang G 81 | Case series | 04/09 | Wuhan, China | 77.1 | 221 | 55.0 (39.0‐66.5) | 108/113 | Inpatient |
| Zhang JJ 82 | Cross‐sectional | 02/19 | Wuhan, China | 68.7 | 140 | 57.0 (25.0‐87.0) | 71/69 | Inpatient |
| Zhang MQ 83 | Case series | 03/01 | Beijing, China | 41.7 | 9 | 36.0 (15.0‐49.0) | 5/4 | Inpatient |
| Zhang X 84 | Cross‐sectional | 03/20 | Zhejiang province, China | 60.4 | 645 | 45.3 ± 13.9 | 295/278 | Inpatient |
| Zhang Y 85 | Cohort | 04/02 | Wuhan, China | 66.7 | 115 | 49.5 ± 17.1 | 49/66 | Inpatient |
| Zhang Y 86 | Cross‐sectional | (Preprint) 03/27 | Wuhan, China | 72.9 | 212 | 48.5 ± 13.2 | 119/93 | Inpatient |
| Zhao D 87 | Case‐control | 03/12 | Anhui province, China | 62.5 | 19 | 48.0 (27.0‐56.0) | 11/8 | Inpatient |
| Zhao W 88 | Cohort | 03/03 | Changsha, Yueyang, Changde, Xiangtan, China | 60.4 | 101 | 44.4 ± 12.3 | 56/45 | Inpatient |
| Zhao W 89 | Cohort | (Preprint) 03/17 | Beijing, China | 62.5 | 77 | 52.0 ± 20.0 | 34/43 | Inpatient |
| Zhao Z 90 | Case series | (Preprint) 03/06 | Hefei, China | 54.1 | 75 | 47.0 (34.0‐55.0) | 42/33 | Inpatient |
| Zhou F 91 | Cohort | 03/11 | Wuhan, China | 85.4 | 191 | 56·0 (46.0–67.0) | 119/72 | Inpatient |
Abbreviations: COVID‐19, coronavirus disease‐2019; IQR, interquartile range; N/A, not available; SD, standard deviation.