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Vicious circle between COVID‐19 and comorbidities. Aging and comorbidities (lung, cardiovascular, kidney, and metabolic diseases) are characterized by sympathetic overactivity, which may exert detrimental effects on lungs, heart, vessels, kidney, metabolism, and/or immune system of COVID‐19 patients. COVID‐19 may furtherly increase sympathetic discharge, through hypoxia, ACE1/ACE2 imbalance, immune/inflammatory factors, and emotional distress.
