Table 2.
Mean CES‐D scores and bivariate associations between depression levels and model variables (n = 10,368)
| CES‐D range | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Number of cases) | p a | ||||
| Mean CES‐D | <16 | 16–25 | 25+ | ||
| (5,807) | (1,612) | (2,949) | |||
| Social vulnerabilities | |||||
| Gender | |||||
| (1 = Female) | 17.9 | 48.1% | 56.4% | 54.3% | .001 |
| (0 = Male) | 15.9 | 51.9% | 43.6% | 45.7% | χ 2 = 18.1 |
| Race | |||||
| 1 = White | 15.7 | 60.0% | 10.1% | 29.9% | .001 |
| 0 = Non‐White) | 18.8 | 40.0% | 89.9% | 71.1% | χ 2 = 28.3 |
| Marital status | |||||
| 1 = Unmarried | 19.9 | 48.0% | 58.9% | 64.6% | .001 |
| 0 = Married | 14.4 | 52.0% | 41.1% | 35.4% | χ 2 = 257.3 |
| Hispanic origin | |||||
| 1 = Hispanic | 21.3 | 14.3% | 19.9% | 24.2% | .001 |
| 0 = Non‐Hispanic | 16.0 | 85.7% | 81.1% | 75.7% | χ 2 = 158.3 |
| Work status | |||||
| 1 = Not working | 21.6 | 14.8% | 23.7% | 26.4% | .001 |
| 0 = Working | 15.8 | 85.2% | 76.3% | 73.6% | χ 2 = 218.5 |
| Risks | |||||
| Subjective fear (0–10) | – | 6.2 | 6.8 | 7.2 | .001 |
| F = 12.4 | |||||
| Physical symptoms (0–23) | – | 1.0 | 2.7 | 3.1 | .001 |
| F = 182.3 | |||||
| Food insecurity | |||||
| 1 = Food insecure | 25.7 | 20.9% | 43.8% | 65.6% | .001 |
| 0 = Food secure | 11.5 | 79.1% | 56.2% | 34.4% | χ 2 = 1,928.2 |
| Social and psychological resources | |||||
| Strength of social ties (3–15) | – | 13.0 | 10.8 | 8.6 | .001 |
| F = 2,176.2 | |||||
| Mastery of fate (7–27) | – | 21.4 | 19.0 | 16.4 | .001 |
| F = 1,724.2 | |||||
| Optimism (14–50) | – | 33.8 | 32.9 | 33.1 | .001 |
| F = 199.2 | |||||
Abbreviations: ANOVA, analysis of variance; CES‐D, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression.
a
χ 2 Analysis was used to test for differences between categorical variables and depression groupings, and a one‐way ANOVA (F test) was used to test for differences between continuous variables and depression groupings.