Table 1.
Selected candidate vaccines against COVID‐19.
|
Type |
Current stage of development |
Formulation strategies |
Epitope |
Route of administration |
Developer |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
mRNA/ saRNA |
Clinical trial Phase I/II (NCT04368728) |
Formulated in LNP |
SP/RBD |
IM |
BioNTech/Fosun Pharma/Pfizer30 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
mRNA |
Clinical trial phase II (NCT04283461) |
Formulated in LNP |
prefusion stabilized SP |
IM |
Moderna/NIAID28 |
|
Clinical trial phase I (NCT04449276) |
Formulated in LNP |
SP |
IM |
Curevac75 |
|
|
Clinical trial phase I (ChiCTR200003411) |
|
RBD |
|
Academy of Military Sciences/ Walvax Biotech |
|
|
Pre‐clinical |
Naked mRNA |
SP |
|
China CDC/Tongji University76 |
|
|
Pre‐clinical |
Encoding VLP/SP |
SP/RBD |
|
Fudan University/ Shanghai JiaoTong University77 |
|
|
Pre‐clinical |
Liposome RNA Encoding VLP |
SP |
|
Translate Bio/ Sanofi Pasteur78 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
saRNA |
Pre‐clinical |
Formulated in LNP |
SP |
|
Arcturus/Duke‐NUS34 |
|
Clinical trial phase I (ISRCTN17072692) |
Formulated in LNP |
SP |
IM |
Imperial College London79 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
DNA |
Clinical trial phase I (NCT04336410) |
Plasmid DNA |
SP |
ID and EP |
Inovio Pharmaceuticals22 |
|
Clinical trial phase I (NCT04334980) |
Genetically modified probiotic bacteria with a plasmid DNA |
SP |
Oral |
symvivo38 |
|
|
Clinical trial phase I (NCT04445389) |
|
SP |
IM |
Genexine,Inc. |
|
|
Clinical trial phase I/II (CTRI/2020/07/02635) |
Plasmid DNA |
|
ID |
Zydus Cadila |
|
|
Clinical trial phase I (JapicCTI‐205328) |
Plasmid DNA |
|
IM |
Osaka University/ AnGes |
|
|
Pre‐clinical |
A fragment of DNA |
|
IM and EP |
Takis/Applied DNA Sciences/Evvivax79 |
|
|
Pre‐clinical |
Plasmid DNA |
SP |
|
Zydus Cadila80 |
|
|
Pre‐clinical |
Delivered by bacteriophage |
|
IN |
University of Waterloo81 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Non‐ Replicating Viral Vector |
Clinical trial phase II (NCT04313127) |
Ad5 Vector |
SP |
IM |
CanSino/Beijing Institute of Biotechnology43 |
|
Clinical trial phase II/ III (NCT04400838) |
Chimpanzee adenovirus vaccine vector (ChAdOx1) |
SP |
IM |
University of Oxford |
|
|
Clinical trial phase I (NCT04437875) |
Ad26 Vector |
SP |
IM |
Gamaleya Research Institute |
|
|
Pre‐clinical |
Ad vectors, alone or with MVA boost |
|
IM |
Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies47 |
|
|
Pre‐clinical |
Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara vector Encoding VLP |
|
|
GeoVax/BravoVax82 |
|
|
Pre‐clinical |
Ad vector |
SP |
IN |
Altimmune83 |
|
|
Pre‐clinical |
Ad vector |
|
|
Greffex84 |
|
|
Pre‐clinical |
Ad5 vector |
SP |
Oral |
||
|
Pre‐clinical |
DelNS1 live attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) vector |
SP |
IN |
University of Hong Kong87 |
|
|
Pre‐clinical |
MVA vector |
SP |
|
DZIF—German Center for Infection Research88 |
|
|
Pre‐clinical |
MVA vector; Encoding structural proteins |
SP |
|
Centro Nacional Biotecnología89 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Replicating Viral Vector |
Pre‐clinical |
Recombinant measles virus (rMV) |
Codon‐optimised SP |
|
Zydus Cadila80 |
|
Pre‐clinical |
Measles virus vector |
SP |
|
Institute Pasteur/Themis/Univ. of Pittsburg90 |
|
|
Pre‐clinical |
Horsepox virus vector |
SP |
|
Tonix Pharma/Southern Research91 |
|
|
Pre‐clinical |
Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) vector |
SP |
|
IAVI/Batavia92 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Protein Subunit |
Clinical trial phase I (NCT04405908) |
Adjuvant: AS03, Alum |
Trimeric SP |
IM |
Clover Biopharmaceuticals Inc./GSK93 |
|
Clinical trial phase I (NCT04453852) |
Adjuvant: Advax‐SM |
SP |
|
Vaxine Pty Ltd |
|
|
Clinical trial phase I (NCT04445194) |
|
|
IM |
Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biologic Pharmacy Co., Ltd. |
|
|
Pre‐clinical |
|
RBD |
|
Vaxil Bio94 |
|
|
Pre‐clinical |
|
SP |
|
AJ Vaccines95 |
|
|
Pre‐clinical |
Activated by T‐Cell called li‐Key |
RBD |
|
Generex/EpiVax96 |
|
|
Pre‐clinical |
|
SP |
|
EpiVax/Univ. of Georgia97 |
|
|
Pre‐clinical |
Baculovirus expression system;Adjuvant: AS03 |
SP |
IM |
Sanofi Pasteur/GSK55 |
|
|
Pre‐clinical |
GP‐96 backbone |
SP |
ID |
||
|
Pre‐clinical |
Molecular clamp stabilized trimeric SP;Adjuvant: AS03 |
SP |
|
University of Queensland/GSK57 |
|
|
Pre‐clinical |
Chimeric soluble protein |
SP and N protein |
Oral |
MIGAL Galilee Research Institute100 |
|
|
Pre‐clinical |
MPLA adjuvant |
SP |
ID |
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine58 |
|
|
Pre‐clinical |
Formulated as microspheres |
Peptide antigen |
|
Flow Pharma Inc101 |
|
|
Pre‐clinical |
|
RBD |
|
Baylor College of Medicine102 |
|
|
Pre‐clinical |
Formulated in LNP |
Peptide antigen |
|
||
|
Pre‐clinical |
Adjuvant:AS03 |
truncated SP |
|
Innovax/Xiamen Univ./GSK105 |
|
|
Pre‐clinical |
|
SP |
|
WRAIR/USAMRIID106 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
VLP |
Clinical trial phase I (NCT04368988) |
Baculovirus/insect cells expression system; Adjuvant: Matrix‐M™ |
SP |
IM |
Novavax60 |
|
Pre‐clinical |
Drosophila S2 insect cells expression system |
SP |
IM |
||
|
Pre‐clinical |
Plant derived VLP |
SP |
IM |
Medicago Inc109 |
|
|
Pre‐clinical |
FastPharming System™; Coated with oligomannose |
|
|
iBio/CC‐Pharming110 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Live Attenuated Virus |
Pre‐clinical |
Gene rationally designed vaccines |
Viral proteins |
|
Codagenix/Serum Institute of India62 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Inactivated virus |
Clinical trial phase I/II (NCT04352608) |
Chemically inactivated whole virus; Adjuvant:CpG 1018 ™ |
Viral proteins |
IM |
Sinovac/Dynavax Technologies Corporation63 |
|
Clinical trial phase I/II (NCT04412538) |
|
Viral proteins |
|
Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences |
|
|
Clinical trial phase I (ChiCTR2000032459) |
|
Viral proteins |
|
Beijing Institute of Biological Products |
|
|
Clinical trial phase I (ChiCTR2000031809) |
|
Viral proteins |
|
Wuhan Institute of Biological Products |
IM: Intramuscular; ID: Intradermal; IN: Intranasal; EP: Electroporation; LNP: lipid nanoparticle; VLP: virus‐like particle; SP: spike glycoprotein; N protein: nucleocapsid protein; RBD: receptor bind domain.