Table 1.
Patients Characteristics
| Patients Characteristics | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Control n = 25 | No - DR n = 32 | Mild n = 27 | Mod/sev n = 25 | Prolif n = 25 | All n = 134 |
| Age,y mean (±SD) |
56 (±15) | 63 (±16) | 61 (±16) | 57 (±15) | 58 (±12) | 59 (±15) P = 0.422 |
| Sex: female (%) | 10 (38) | 21 (62) | 11 (41) | 6 (24) | 14 (56) | 62 (45) P = 0.038† |
| DM type 1: n (%) | NA | 4 (12) | 8 (30) | 3 (12) | 8 (32) | 23 (21)* P = 0.071 |
| DM duration in years: mean (±SD) | NA | 12 (±9) | 20 (±14) | 17 (±12) | 22 (±10) | 17 (±12)* P = 0.009‡ |
| Insulin use: n (%) | NA | 9 (26) | 15 (56) | 15 (60) | 21 (84) | 53 (49)* P = 0.000§ |
| A1c level | NA | 7.3 (±1.3) | 7.6 (±1.4) | 7.5 (±1.1) | 7.8 (±1.5) | 7.5 (±1.3)* P = 0.730 |
| BMI in kg/m2: mean (±SD) |
26.2 (±3.7) | 28.9 (±4.6) | 30.2 (±11.1) | 27.6 (±3.5) | 28.3 (±6.8) | 28.3 (±6.6) P = 0.311 |
| Smoking: (yes /used to) | 6/3 | 2/5 | 3/7 | 2/5 | 1/3 | 14/23 P = 0.390 |
| Hypertension: n (%) | 2 (8) | 17 (53) | 13 (48) | 16 (64) | 12 (67) | 60 (47) P< 0.001|| |
| CV event: n (%) | 0 | 5 (15) | 6 (22) | 8 (32) | 7 (28) | 26 (19) P = 0.019# |
| Race: n (%) | P = 0.103 | |||||
| American Indian | 0 | 1 (3) | 0 | 1 (4) | 1 (4) | 3 (2) |
| Asian | 5 (20) | 10 (33) | 2 (7) | 10 (40) | 8 (32) | 35 (26) |
| Black or African American | 0 | 1 (3) | 1 (4) | 1 (4) | 1 (4) | 4 (3) |
| White | 18 (72) | 16 (50) | 21 (78) | 12 (48) | 12 (48) | 79 (59) |
| More than one race | 0 | 2 (6) | 2 (7) | 0 | 1 (4) | 5 (4) |
| Unknown | 2 (8) | 2 (6) | 1 (4) | 1 (4) | 2 (8) | 8 (6) |
BMI, body mass index; CV = cardiovascular, NA = not applicable, mod/sev = moderate or severe, prolif = proliferative; five patients had different severity grading in each eye, making the number of patients in this table 134 instead of 129.
These values are only calculated for patients with diabetes (n = 109) excluding healthy controls.
There were significantly more male patients in the moderate/severe group compared to no-DR.
Patients without DR had significantly shorter duration of diabetes compared to patients with proliferative DR.
Incidence of insulin therapy was significantly less in patients with no-DR compared to patients with moderate/severe and proliferative DR.
History of hypertension was significantly less prevalent in controls compared to patients with diabetes of any severity level.
There were significantly less CV events in controls compared to patients with moderate/severe DR.
Significance levels between groups were calculated with analysis of variance (ANOVA) for scale variables and chi-square test for nominal variables.