Table 3:

Negative binomial model estimates for the marginal association between observed playground use, MVPA and playground characteristics and park features outside the playground (N=147 parks with playgrounds). Estimates are on the natural log scale.

Playground Characteristics	# of playground person-hours			MVPA for males			MVPA for females
Playground Characteristics	Estimate	S.E.	p-value	Estimate	S.E.	p-value	Estimate	S.E.	p-value
# playground features	0.44	0.05	<.0001^*	0.43	0.06	<.0001^*	0.39	0.05	<.0001^*
# separate structures	0.09	0.02	<.0001^*	0.08	0.01	<.0001^*	0.07	0.01	<.0001^*
Balance bars / beams	0.50	0.22	0.02^*	0.51	0.23	0.03	0.44	0.20	0.03
Climbers, ladders, jungle gyms	0.84	0.36	0.02^*	1.27	0.41	0.002^*	1.01	0.38	0.01^*
Crawl tubes	0.60	0.21	0.004^*	0.65	0.22	0.003^*	0.49	0.19	0.01^*
Sand boxes	0.21	0.23	0.37	0.24	0.25	0.33	0.10	0.21	0.64
Slides	1.90	0.46	<.0001^*	1.75	0.51	0.001^*	1.76	0.58	0.002^*
Spinning equipment	0.94	0.20	<.0001^*	0.89	0.22	<.0001^*	0.86	0.19	<.0001^*
Splash pads	1.16	0.27	<.0001^*	1.24	0.28	<.0001^*	0.98	0.26	0.0002^*
Swings	0.54	0.39	0.17	0.47	0.48	0.33	0.52	0.42	0.21
Other play elements	0.09	0.22	0.68	−0.07	0.23	0.75	0.03	0.19	0.87
Shade structure over play area	0.26	0.20	0.19	0.28	0.23	0.22	0.27	0.20	0.18
Fenced play areas	0.12	0.18	0.52	0.08	0.20	0.68	0.10	0.18	0.56
Surface: dirt	−0.60	0.20	0.002^*	−0.57	0.22	0.01^*	−0.36	0.21	0.08
Surface: grass	−0.17	0.23	0.45	−0.20	0.25	0.44	−0.03	0.22	0.90
Surface: much or wood chips	0.14	0.22	0.52	0.06	0.23	0.78	0.02	0.20	0.92
Surface: other	−0.70	0.36	0.05	−0.90	0.43	0.04	−0.41	0.42	0.34
Surface: pavement or concrete	0.21	0.18	0.25	0.10	0.20	0.59	0.27	0.18	0.13
Surface: rubber	0.18	0.21	0.40	0.23	0.24	0.34	0.21	0.21	0.31
Surface: sand	0.03	0.19	0.86	−0.01	0.20	0.98	0.05	0.18	0.80
Park Characteristics (beyond the playground)
Accessible restroom	0.91	0.27	0.001^*	1.01	0.29	0.001^*	0.72	0.27	0.01^*
Restroom	0.78	0.18	<.0001^*	0.81	0.19	<.0001^*	0.8	0.17	<.0001^*
Marketing bulletin board	0.62	0.2	0.002^*	0.64	0.21	0.002^*	0.56	0.19	0.003^*
Marketing banner	0.58	0.23	0.01^*	0.65	0.23	0.005^*	0.52	0.2	0.01^*
Sign promoting physical activity	0.57	0.23	0.01^*	0.68	0.22	0.002^*	0.58	0.2	0.003^*
Any buildings	0.52	0.19	0.01^*	0.56	0.2	0.01^*	0.51	0.19	0.01^*
Marketing poster	0.52	0.22	0.02^*	0.49	0.25	0.05	0.57	0.21	0.01^*
Picnic area	0.5	0.19	0.01^*	0.6	0.2	0.003^*	0.6	0.17	0.001^*
Walking loop	0.28	0.19	0.15	0.29	0.22	0.19	0.28	0.19	0.14
Other sport fields	0.19	0.18	0.29	0.22	0.2	0.27	0.16	0.17	0.35
Baseball field	0.18	0.21	0.37	0.05	0.22	0.81	0.16	0.2	0.4
Adjacent to highway or freeway	0.11	0.22	0.63	0.01	0.23	0.97	0.12	0.22	0.58
Many trees	0.07	0.21	0.73	−0.03	0.23	0.9	−0.003	0.2	0.99
Parking lot	0.05	0.22	0.84	0.07	0.23	0.77	0.19	0.22	0.37
Grill or fire pit	0.05	0.19	0.79	0	0.2	1	0.16	0.19	0.4

Abbreviations: MVPA, moderate to vigorous physical activity; SE, standard error

All results adjusted for park size in acres, local population density, poverty rate, and intra-park correlations.

Significant after controlling for the false discovery rate < 0.05.