Table 1.
Descriptive statistic of the explanatory variables (weighted).
| Variables | Categories | UKHLS (N = 31,064) | Covid-19 Social Study (N = 60,341) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 18–29 | 16.8% | 18.5% |
| 30–45 | 23.1% | 27.2% | |
| 46–59 | 25.5% | 24.4% | |
| 60+ | 34.7% | 29.9% | |
| Gender | Women (vs. men) | 51.8% | 49.8% |
| Ethnicity | Non-white (vs. white) | 7.2% | 12.5% |
| Education | GCSE or below | 50.6% | 32.0% |
| A-levels or equivalent | 23.2% | 33.5% | |
| Degree or above | 26.2% | 34.5% | |
| Household income | Low (<30 k) (vs. high) | 40.1% | 48.6% |
| Employment status | Employed | 56.6% | 59.6% |
| Unemployed | 3.8% | 3.3% | |
| Student | 3.6% | 6.5% | |
| Inactive other | 36.0% | 30.6% | |
| Living status | Alone | 18.9% | 18.3% |
| With others (not children) | 49.9% | 53.9% | |
| With others (including children) | 31.2% | 27.8% | |
| Area of living | Rural (vs. urban) | 24.5% | 20.4% |
| UCLA loneliness scores | UCLA-3: score 3 | 48.4% | 34.0% |
| UCLA-3: score 4 | 13.9% | 13.8% | |
| UCLA-3: score 5 | 11.8% | 12.9% | |
| UCLA-3: score 6 | 15.7% | 17.0% | |
| UCLA-3: score 7 | 4.0% | 7.6% | |
| UCLA-3: score 8 | 2.6% | 5.9% | |
| UCLA-3: score 9 | 3.5% | 8.8% | |
| How often do you feel lonely | Hardly ever/never | 62.9% | 49.2% |
| Sometimes | 28.6% | 32.5% | |
| Often | 8.5% | 18.3% |
UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles; UKHLS, UK Household Longitudinal Study.