Table 3.

Oxygen strategies in COVID-19 pneumonia (CARDS) Type L and Type H.

COVID-19 Pneumonia, Type L	Time Frame	COVID-19 Pneumonia, Type H
Nasal cannula, high-flow nasal cannula, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV), or awake proning to avoid increased respiratory efforts	Pre-intubation	Nasal cannula, high-flow nasal cannula, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV), or awake proning to avoid increased respiratory efforts
Lower positive end-expiratory pressures (PEEP) (<10 cmH2 O), tidal volumes (7–9 mL/kg), maintain gas exchange and fluid balances. Proning only as a rescue maneuver. extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in severe COVID-19 patients	Mechanical ventilation	Higher positive end-expiratory pressures (PEEP) (<15 cmH2O), tidal volumes (5–7 mL/kg), maintain gas exchange and fluid balances. Initiate proning and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) if parameters met. Manage these patients as full-blown ARDS
Avoid vigorous spontaneous increases in breathing, pressure swings with breathing trials towards the ending of the weaning process. The goal is to avoid ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) and worsening edema. Initiate careful weaning measures	Weaning	Avoid vigorous spontaneous increases in breathing, pressure swings with breathing trials towards the ending of the weaning process. The goal is to avoid ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) and worsening edema. Initiate careful weaning measures