Table 2. Changes in anthropometric measurements and body compositions, %flow-mediated dilatation and blood chemistry data.
| Variable | Baseline | 6-month | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Body composition data and flow-mediated dilatation data | |||
| Weight (kg) | 68.6 ± 9.9 | 65.3 ± 9.7 | < 0.0001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.9 ± 3.0 | 23.7 ± 3.1 | < 0.0001 |
| Body fat quantity (kg) | 18.3 ± 5.1 | 15.9 ± 5.2 | < 0.0001 |
| Body fat percentage (%) | 26.9 ± 5.7 | 24.6 ± 6.3 | < 0.0001 |
| Muscle quantity (kg) | 46.9 ± 7.2 | 45.8 ± 6.9 | < 0.0001 |
| Muscle percentage (%) | 69.1 ± 5.5 | 71.3 ± 6.1 | < 0.0001 |
| Whole body water volume (L) | 36.5 ± 5.9 | 35.7 ± 5.4 | < 0.0001 |
| Extracellular water volume (L) | 13.9 ± 2.1 | 13.7 ± 2.0 | 0.17 |
| %change plasma volume (%) | −6.9 (−11.0, −1.3) | ||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 133.8 ± 15.1 | 130.6 ± 14.3 | 0.03 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 80.3 ± 10.3 | 78.4 ± 9.5 | 0.03 |
| %flow-mediated dilatation (%) | 3.5 (2.4, 5.5) | 4.7 (3.6, 5.6) | 0.001 |
| Absolute change in diameter (mm) | 0.17 ± 0.08 | 0.19 ± 0.08 | 0.001 |
| Blood chemistry data | |||
| White blood cell (× 102/µL) | 61.6 ± 14.6 | 60.7 ± 15.4 | 0.67 |
| Red blood cell (× 104/µL) | 476.2 ± 36.9 | 498.0 ± 38.4 | < 0.0001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 14.6 ± 1.1 | 15.0 ± 1.2 | < 0.0001 |
| Hematocrit (%) | 43.3 ± 2.9 | 44.8 ± 3.0 | 0.0001 |
| Platelet (× 104/µL) | 21.7 ± 4.6 | 20.5 ± 4.5 | 0.001 |
| Plasma creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.82 ± 0.16 | 0.84 ± 0.17 | 0.07 |
| e-GFR (mg/dL) | 73.4 ± 14.6 | 71.3 ± 14.0 | 0.06 |
| Urine albumin (mg/dL) | 16.8 (7.2, 52.7) | 11.3 (7.4, 25.1) | 0.01 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.4 ± 1.3 | 4.7 ± 1.1 | < 0.0001 |
| Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 7.0 ± 0.5 | 6.6 ± 0.4 | < 0.0001 |
| 1,5-anhydroglucitol (µg/dL) | 11.1 ± 5.7 | 2.1 ± 2.0 | < 0.0001 |
| Plasma glucose level (mg/dL) | |||
| Fasting | 129.4 ± 16.1 | 114.8 ± 18.7 | < 0.0001 |
| After 1 hour | 238.7 ± 33.4 | 217.2 ± 33.6 | < 0.0001 |
| After 2 hours | 235.9 ± 46.4 | 213.7 ± 51.1 | 0.001 |
| Incremental AUC-PG (mg/dL/2 hr) | 162.6 ± 46.4 | 151.9 ± 43.4 | 0.07 |
| Immunoreactive insulin (µU/mL) | |||
| Fasting | 7.8 (4.6, 9.5) | 5.0 (3.2, 8.5) | < 0.0001 |
| After 1 hour | 40.9 (25.0, 60.3)3 | 3.5 (18.2, 59.8) | 0.0005 |
| After 2 hours | 49.2 (28.3, 79.9) | 43.0 (23.5, 60.5) | 0.0006 |
| Incremental AUC-IRI (µU/mL/2 hr) | 54.7 (30.7, 88.7) | 46.3 (25.8, 78.8) | 0.0002 |
| HOMA-R | 2.4 (1.4, 3.2) | 1.3 (0.9, 2.3) | < 0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 164.9 ± 25.6 | 163.6 ± 29.7 | 0.62 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 90.6 ± 23.5 | 90.8 ± 24.1 | 0.92 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 51.1 ± 19.6 | 51.1 ± 9.4 | 0.99 |
| Plasma triglyceride (mg/dL) | |||
| Fasting | 119.9 ± 54.9 | 95.7 ± 33.5 | 0.0002 |
| After 1 hour | 142.5 ± 53.5 | 122.6 ± 41.0 | 0.001 |
| After 2 hours | 184.3 ± 70.2 | 153.5 ± 52.8 | < 0.0001 |
| Incremental AUC-TG (mg/dL/2 hr) | 54.7 ± 34.8 | 55.8 ± 32.6 | 0.80 |
| RLP cholesterol (mg/dL) | 5.0 (3.3, 7.0) | 3.8 (2.4, 4.9) | < 0.0001 |
| C reactive protein (mg/dL) | 0.11 (0.03, 0.22) | 0.07 (0.03, 0.13) | 0.003 |
| Brain natriuretic peptide (pg/mL) | 31.3 (14.4, 58.6) | 20.6 (9.2, 54.6) | 0.37 |
| PAI-1 (ng/mL) | 18.6 ± 7.8 | 13.8 ± 5.0 | < 0.0001 |
| Total ketone body (µmol/L) | 89.0 (61.0, 152.0) | 145.5 (94.0, 218.0) | 0.0002 |
e-GFR: estimate glomerular filtration rate, AUC-PG: area under the curve of plasma glucose, HOMA-R: homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance, AUC-IRI: area under the curve of immunoreactive insulin, LDL: low density lipoprotein, HDL: high density lipoprotein, AUC-TG; area under the curve of triglyceride, RLP: remnant like particle