Table 4. Comparison of changes in body composition, flow-mediated dilatation and blood chemistry between lower and higher Δ %FMD group.
| Variable | Lower Δ%FMD group; n = 25 (Δ%FMD of ≤ 0.7%) |
Higher Δ%FMD group; n = 25 (Δ%FMD of > 0.7%) |
P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 6-month | Baseline | 6-month | ||
| Body composition data | |||||
| Weight (kg) | 68.5 ± 9.7 | 65.2 ± 9.2* | 68.7 ± 10.2 | 65.4 ± 10.2* | 0.94 |
| Absolute Δ | −3.3 (−4.6, −1.9) | −2.7 (−4.4, −2.1) | 0.75 | ||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.9 ± 2.4 | 23.7 ± 2.5* | 24.9 ± 3.6 | 23.7 ± 3.7* | 0.97 |
| Absolute Δ | −1.1 (−1.6, −0.7) | −1.1 (−1.7, −0.7) | 0.72 | ||
| Body fat quantity (kg) | 18.0 ± 4.3 | 15.7 ± 4.2* | 18.6 ± 5.9 | 16.2 ± 6.3* | 0.72 |
| Absolute Δ | −1.7 (−3.8, −0.6) | −2.1 (−3.0, −1.4) | 0.54 | ||
| Body fat percentage (%) | 26.6 ± 5.6 | 24.3 ± 5.8** | 27.3 ± 6.0 | 24.9 ± 7.0* | 0.66 |
| Absolute Δ | −1.7 (−4.0, −0.3) | −2.5 (−3.3, −0.8) | 0.72 | ||
| Muscle quantity (kg) | 47.5 ± 8.2 | 46.5 ± 7.8** | 46.2 ± 6.0 | 45.1 ± 6.0** | 0.55 |
| Absolute Δ | −1.0 (−1.8, 0.2) | −1.1 (−1.5, −0.7) | 0.81 | ||
| Muscle percentage (%) | 69.4 ± 5.3 | 71.5 ± 5.6** | 68.7 ± 5.7 | 70.9 ± 6.7* | 0.67 |
| Absolute Δ | 1.6 (0.3, 3.8) | 2.4 (0.7, 3.1) | 0.82 | ||
| Whole body water volume (L) | 37.0 ± 6.4 | 36.3 ± 6.0** | 36.0 ± 4.6 | 35.2 ± 4.6** | 0.55 |
| Absolute Δ | −0.6 (−1.4, 0.2) | −0.9 (−1.1, −0.5) | 0.89 | ||
| Extracellular water volume (L) | 14.0 ± 2.5 | 13.9 ± 2.2 | 13.8 ± 1.6 | 13.5 ± 1.7 | 0.79 |
| Absolute Δ | −0.3 (−0.5, 0.2) | −0.3 (−0.4, −0.1) | 0.81 | ||
| %change plasma volume (%) | −6.99 (−10.59, −1.67) | −6.88 (−11.46, −1.22) | 0.83 | ||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 130.1 ± 13.0 | 127.1 ± 11.7 | 136.9 ± 16.7 | 134.1 ± 15.9 | 0.15 |
| Absolute Δ | −3.0 (−8.0, 2.3) | −4.0 (−9.0, 5.3) | 0.96 | ||
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 80.1 ± 10.7 | 78.2 ± 9.8 | 80.1 ± 10.1 | 78.6 ± 9.3*** | 0.88 |
| Absolute Δ | −1.0 (−6.0, 3.3) | −2.0 (−5.3, 2.0) | 0.56 | ||
| %flow-mediated dilatation (%) | 5.5 (3.4, 6.0) | 4.7 (2.8, 5.8) | 2.6 (1.9, 3.6) | 4.6 (3.8, 5.1)* | 0.0001 |
| Absolute Δ | −0.3 (−0.6, −0.1) | 1.7 (1.0, 2.4) | < 0.0001 | ||
| Absolute change in diameter (mm) | 0.19 (0.15, 0.26) | 0.18 (0.12, 0.24) | 0.11 (0.09, 0.16) | 0.19 (0.16, 0.24)* | < 0.0001 |
| Absolute Δ | −0.02 (−0.03, 0.00) | 0.07 (0.04, 0.11) | < 0.0001 | ||
| Blood chemistry data | |||||
| White blood cell (× 102/µL) | 60.1 ± 15.0 | 55.8 ± 12.9 | 63.0 ± 14.4 | 65.7 ± 16.2 | 0.50 |
| Absolute Δ | 0.0 (−10.5, 62.5) | 20.0 (−50.0, 90.0) | 0.14 | ||
| Red blood cell (× 104/µL) | 472.7 ± 42.1 | 491.0 ± 43.1* | 479.6 ± 31.2 | 505.0 ± 32.6* | 0.52 |
| Absolute Δ | 15.0 (6.0, 30.0) | 21.0 (9.0, 45.0) | 0.47 | ||
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | align="char" char="±"14.4 ± 1.0 | 14.9 ± 1.0** | 14.5 ± 1.3 | 15.1 ± 1.4** | 0.86 |
| Absolute Δ | 0.5 (0.2, 0.9) | 0.5 (0.2, 1.1) | 0.75 | ||
| Hematocrit (%) | 43.0 ± 2.6 | 44.5 ± 2.4** | 43.6 ± 3.2 | 45.1 ± 3.5*** | 0.48 |
| Absolute Δ | 1.7 (0.2, 2.6) | 1.6 (0.0, 3.3) | 0.84 | ||
| Platelet (× 104/µL) | 21.0 ± 4.0 | 19.7 ± 3.9*** | 22.3 ± 5.2 | 21.3 ± 5.0*** | 0.32 |
| Absolute Δ | −1.4 (−2.8, 0.6) | −1.3 (−2.5, 0.5) | 0.79 | ||
| Plasma creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.79 ± 0.12 | 0.81 ± 0.16 | 0.84 ± 0.16 | 0.87 ± 0.17 | 0.31 |
| Absolute Δ | 0.02 (−0.04, 0.06) | 0.02 (−0.04, 0.06) | 1.00 | ||
| e-GFR (mg/dL) | 75.1 ± 15.4 | 73.1 ± 13.4 | 71.6 ± 13.9 | 69.4 ± 14.5 | 0.40 |
| Absolute Δ | −2.2 (−7.1, 4.6) | −1.3 (−5.9, 1.1) | 0.95 | ||
| Urine albumin (mg/dL) | 13.8 (6.2, 62.8) | 10.8 (6.0, 23.6) | 18.0 (10.1, 46.6) | 12.4 (8.6, 26.9) | 0.72 |
| Absolute Δ | −2.1 (−17.4, 1.1) | −4.3 (−19.8, 2.8) | 0.79 | ||
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.3 ± 1.4 | 4.5 ± 1.0** | 5.9 ± 1.2 | 4.8 ± 1.2** | 0.46 |
| Absolute Δ | −0.6 (−1.3, −0.2) | −0.8 (−1.5, −0.4) | 0.51 | ||
| HemoglobinA1c (%) | 7.2 ± 0.5 | 6.8 ± 0.4* | 6.8 ± 0.3 | 6.4 ± 0.4** | 0.11 |
| Absolute Δ | −0.4 (−1.0, −0.2) | −0.3 (−0.5, −0.1) | 0.26 | ||
| 1,5-anhydroglucitol (µg/dL) | 10.9 ± 6.2 | 2.5 ± 2.7* | 11.3 ± 5.4 | 1.8 ± 0.7* | 0.83 |
| Absolute Δ | −7.6 (−9.8, −4.2) | −9.7 (−12.2, −5.6) | 0.25 | ||
| Plasma glucose level (mg/dL) | |||||
| Fasting | 130.1 ± 16.6 | 114.0 ± 12.7* | 128.2 ± 15.8 | 115.6 ± 23.4* | 0.61 |
| Absolute Δ | −15.0 (−29.8, −6.8) | −16.0 (−23.3, −7.3) | 0.66 | ||
| After 1 hour | 242.7 ± 34.1 | 212.8 ± 28.3* | 234.7 ± 32.9 | 221.6 ± 34.4 | 0.40 |
| Absolute Δ | −32.0 (−53.5, −10.8) | −13.0 (−40.3, 1.5) | 0.16 | ||
| After 2 hours | 238.7 ± 51.0 | 204.8 ± 45.6** | 233.0 ± 42.2 | 222.7 ± 55.4 | 0.67 |
| Absolute Δ | −36.0 (−69.0, −1.0) | −13.0 (−45.5, 16.0) | 0.07 | ||
| Incremental AUC-PG (mg/dL/2hr) | 166.2 ± 46.0 | 144.1 ± 42.3* | 158.9 ± 41.3 | 159.6 ± 43.8 | 0.56 |
| Absolute Δ | −20.5 (−45.0, 0.9) | −0.5 (−24.8, 28.8) | 0.09 | ||
| Immunoreactive insulin (µU/mL) | |||||
| Fasting | 6.3 (4.1, 9.1) | 5.4 (3.5, 8.5) | 7.9 (4.8, 9.9) | 4.4 (3.0, 8.7)* | 0.35 |
| Absolute Δ | −0.7 (−2.3, 1.1) | −2.3 (−3.5, −0.5) | 0.03 | ||
| After 1 hour | 40.7 (22.9, 54.3) | 37.6 (18.1, 58.9) | 41.1 (25.7, 69.3) | 27.0 (19.9, 60.4)** | 0.51 |
| Absolute Δ | −1.9 (−8.0, 3.4) | −7.5 (−16.8, −3.8) | 0.01 | ||
| After 2 hours | 47.9 (27.4, 65.9) | 42.8 (22.6, 60.0) | 50.7 (32.1, 93.5) | 43.2 (27.0, 70.3) | 0.14 |
| Absolute Δ | −5.1 (−16.4, 2.9) | −8.0 (−31.0, −2.7) | 0.12 | ||
| Incremental AUC-IRI (µU/mL/2 hr) | 53.7 (30.6, 75.1) | 48.0 (23.7, 75.1) | 57.6 (35.8, 100.0) | 41.0 (29.3, 79.5)** | 0.31 |
| Absolute Δ | −6.6 (−9.2, 2.1) | −13.9 (−21.8, −0.1) | 0.04 | ||
| HOMA-R | 2.4 (1.4, 3.1) | 1.7 (1.4, 2.2)*** | 2.6 (1.5, 3.2) | 1.3 (0.8, 2.7)** | 0.53 |
| Absolute Δ | −0.5 (−1.2, 0.1) | −0.9 (−1.4, −0.3) | 0.21 | ||
| Total cholesterol (m/dL) | 157.6 ± 21.0 | 161.4 ± 22.6 | 172.2 ± 28.1 | 165.8 ± 38.8 | 0.06 |
| Absolute Δ | 4.0 (−9.2, 17.2) | −6.0 (−16.2, 3.8) | 0.09 | ||
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 88.1 ± 18.7 | 89.4 ± 17.8 | 93.1 ± 27.7 | 92.2 ± 29.4 | 0.46 |
| Absolute Δ | 3.0 (−8.0, 11.0) | −3.0 (−10.2, 6.3) | 0.34 | ||
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 48.4 ± 8.8 | 50.9 ± 9.8 | 53.8 ± 26.4 | 51.2 ± 9.2 | 0.33 |
| Absolute Δ | 0.0 (−3.0, 10.0) | 1.0 (−3.0, 8.3) | 0.97 | ||
| Plasma triglyceride (mg/dL) | |||||
| Fasting | 99.0 ± 33.7 | 96.2 ± 33.3 | 140.8 ± 64.0 | 95.1 ± 34.4* | 0.006 |
| Absolute Δ | −9.0 (−19.5, 16.8) | −36.0 (−67.0, −15.8) | 0.0002 | ||
| After 1 hour | 119.8 ± 32.9 | 124.2 ± 43.7 | 165.2 ± 60.7 | 121.0 ± 38.9* | 0.002 |
| Absolute Δ | 0.0 (−10.3, 20.8) | −38.0 (−56.5, −20.7) | < 0.0001 | ||
| After 2 hours | 155.6 ± 49.5 | 154.4 ± 57.9 | 212.9 ± 76.9 | 152.5 ± 48.3* | 0.003 |
| Absolute Δ | 4.0 (−20.5, 18.0) | −47.0 (−80.8, −34.8) | < 0.0001 | ||
| Incremental AUC-TG (mg/dL/2 hr) | 49.1 ± 30.1 | 57.1 ± 36.2 | 60.4 ± 38.8 | 52.5 ± 29.1* | 0.25 |
| Absolute Δ | 5.5 (−14.5, 22.8) | −9.5 (−15.9, 3.1) | 0.05 | ||
| RLP cholesterol (mg/dL) | 4.1 (2.6, 6.0) | 4.1 (2.6, 5.1) | 6.1 (4.2, 9.8) | 3.7 (2.4, 4.7)* | 0.01 |
| Absolute Δ | −0.4 (−1.2, 0.9) | −1.9 (−4.4, −1.0) | 0.0003 | ||
| C reactive protein (mg/dL) | 0.07 (0.03, 0.18) | 0.06 (0.03, 0.11) | 0.12 (0.04, 0.29) | 0.10 (0.04, 0.20)*** | 0.22 |
| Absolute Δ | −0.01 (−0.08, 0.02) | −0.02 (−0.07, 0.003) | 0.87 | ||
| Brain natriuretic peptide (pg/dL) | 31.4 (14.0, 59.2) | 19.4 (9.1, 39.7) | 28.8 (14.2, 59.0) | 22.0 (10.8, 58.0) | 0.93 |
| Absolute Δ | −3.1 (−17.8, 0.7) | 2.1 (−10.7, 9.4) | 0.17 | ||
| PAI-1 (ng/mL) | 16.9 ± 6.5 | 12.9 ± 4.8** | 20.3 ± 8.6 | 14.7 ± 5.1* | 0.13 |
| Absolute Δ | −4.0 (−8.3, 0.0) | −3.0 (−8.8, −2.0) | 0.44 | ||
| Total ketone body (µmol/L) | 95.0 (65.5, 143.0) | 134.0 (86.0, 152.5) | 80.0 (50.0, 138.5) | 191.0 (107.0, 336.0)* | 0.36 |
| Absolute Δ | 23.0 (−37.0, 76.0) | 82.5 (15.0, 170.5) | 0.02 | ||
P-values represent comparison of each values between groups at 6 months except for absolute Δ.
As for absolute Δ of each values, P-values represent comparison between the two groups.
Values are presented as means ± standard deviation or medians and interquartile ranges, as indicated.
*
P < 0.0001 vs baseline
**
P < 0.001 vs baseline
***
P < 0.05 vs baseline
e-GFR; estimated glomerular filtration rate, AUC; area under the response curve, IRI; immunoreactive insulin, HOMA-R; homeostasis model assessment ratio, LDL; low density lipoprotein, HDL; high density lipoprotein, TG; triglyceride, RLP; remnant-like particle, PAI-1; plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1