Table 2. Hazard ratios for the development of coronary heart disease according to serum small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, 2007–2015.
| Serum sdLDL cholesterol level, mg/dL |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | p for trend | |
| ≤ 24.4 | 24.5–32.8 | 32.9–43.6 | ≥ 43.7 | ||
| No. of events/subjects | 6/763 | 18/775 | 24/768 | 31/774 | |
| Age-and sex-adjusted incidence rate (per 1,000 person-years) | 1.04 | 3.37 | 4.67 | 5.58 | < 0.001 |
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | |||||
| Age-and sex-adjusted | 1.00 (Reference) | 3.34 (1.32–8.44) | 4.55 (1.85–11.20) | 6.53 (2.67–15.95) | < 0.001 |
| Model 1 | 1.00 (Reference) | 3.18 (1.25–8.09) | 4.15 (1.66–10.40) | 5.41 (2.12–13.82) | < 0.001 |
| Model 1 + serum LDL cholesterol | 1.00 (Reference) | 2.75 (1.06–7.14) | 3.22 (1.20–8.64) | 3.76 (1.28–10.99) | 0.03 |
| Model 1 + serum triglycerides | 1.00 (Reference) | 3.06 (1.19–7.84) | 3.93 (1.54–10.02) | 4.90 (1.78–13.43) | 0.003 |
| Model 1 + log hs-CRP | 1.00 (Reference) | 3.23 (1.27–8.21) | 4.21 (1.68–10.55) | 5.55 (2.17–14.20) | < 0.001 |
| Model 1 + log HOMA-IR | 1.00 (Reference) | 2.95 (1.16–7.50) | 3.93 (1.57–9.85) | 4.80 (1.87–12.33) | < 0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 (Reference) | 3.04 (1.20–7.68) | 3.97 (1.60–9.83) | 4.85 (1.94–12.12) | < 0.001 |
SI conversion factors: To convert mg/dL values to mmol/L, multiply serum sdLDL cholesterol values by 0.02586 and multiply serum triglycerides values by 0.01129.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C reactive protein; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; SD, standard deviation; sdLDL, small dense low-density lipoprotein.
Model 1: Adjusted for age, sex, systolic blood pressure, use of antihypertensive agents, hemoglobin A1c, use of glucose-lowering agents, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, use of lipid-modifying agents, body mass index, estimated glomerular filtration rate, electrocardiogram abnormalities, current smoking, current drinking, and regular exercise.
Model 2: Adjusted for age, sex, hemoglobin A1c, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, electrocardiogram abnormalities, and regular exercise, which were selected with the backward elimination method at p < 0.20 for the remaining variables.