Table 3.
The constructs and measurement items.
| Construct | Items | Measures | Supporting References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Understanding of COVID-19 | U1 | I do understand the transmission of COVID-19 | Liu (2020); Shim et al. (2020); Nicola et al. (2020) |
| U2 | I do understand the incubation period of COVID -19 | Coccia (2020) | |
| U3 | I do understand the symptoms of COVID -19 | Li et al. (2020) | |
| U4 | I do understand the protocol if I have symptoms that might lead to COVID-19 | ||
| U5 | I do understand which hospital can treat COVID -19 patients. | Nicola et al. (2020) | |
| Perceived Vulnerability | PV1 | I think I am very vulnerable to COVID -19. | Díaz et al. (2016) |
| PV2 | I think my neighborhood is very vulnerable to COVID -19. | Coccia (2020) | |
| PV3 | My past experiences make me believe that I am likely to get sick when my friends are sick. | Díaz et al. (2016) | |
| PV4 | I have a history of susceptibility to infectious diseases. | Díaz et al. (2016) | |
| PV5 | I think there is a chance that my family will be infected by COVID -19 | Nicola et al. (2020); Coccia (2020) | |
| Perceived Severity | PS1 | I find COVID -19 is a serious disease. | Paital et al. (2020); Basheti et al. (2020) |
| PS2 | I find COVID -19 can lead to death. | Barati et al. (2020) | |
| PS3 | I find COVID -19 is more severe than any other disease. | Barati et al. (2020) | |
| PS4 | I find COVID -19 can affect mental health. | Burgelt et al. (2009); Tanoue et al. (2020); Grover et al. (2020) | |
| PS5 | I think it’s very expensive to pay the medical expenses for COVID -19. | ||
| PS6 | I think the COVID -19 outbreak will continue at least until the following 3 months. | Cássaro and Pires (2020) | |
| PS7 | I think the COVID-19 outbreak in my country is more severe than in other countries. | ||
| Attitude | AT1 | I worry about the number of people infected by COVID -19. | Sarkodie and Owusu (2020); Mi et al. (2020) |
| AT2 | I feel stressed during the COVID-19 outbreak. | Shader (2020) | |
| AT3 | I am afraid that one of my family members will get infected. | Dariya and Nagaraju (2020) | |
| AT4 | I feel anxious during COVID -19 outbreak. | Roy et al. (2020) | |
| AT5 | I feel insecure if someone stands too close to me during COVID -19 outbreak. | Roy et al. (2020) | |
| AT6 | I feel insecure if someone is not wearing a mask during the COVID-19 outbreak. | D’Amours (2020) | |
| AT7 | I feel insecure if someone sneezes or coughs next to me. | Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (2020) | |
| Subjective Norm | SN1 | Most people I know are following the preventive protocols given by the government. | Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (2020) |
| SN2 | Most people I know are wearing face masks outside. | Conner (2020); Rubio-Romero et al. (2020) | |
| SN3 | Most people I know are staying at home and work from home. | Yancey-Bragg and Bravo (2020) | |
| SN4 | Most people I know are using hand sanitizer | USA Food and Drug Administration (2020) | |
| SN5 | Most people I know, are doing physical distancing. | Adam (2020) | |
| Perceived Behavioral Control | PBC1 | The preventive protocols are completely up to me. | Sato (2018) |
| PBC2 | I think preventive protocols are easy to be implemented. | Shen et al. (2020) | |
| PBC3 | I am confident that I can prevent getting infected by COVID -19. | Veldhuijzen et al. (2006) | |
| PBC4 | I am confident that I have enough knowledge about COVID -19. | Barati et al. (2020) | |
| Intention to Follow | IF1 | I am willing to follow the recommended precautions until the end of the COVID-19 outbreak. | Barati et al. (2020) |
| IF2 | I am willing to stay at home during COVID -19 outbreak. | Sen-Crowe et al. (2020) | |
| IF3 | I am willing to follow every rule made by my government during the COVID-19 outbreak. | Oyeniran and Chia (2020) | |
| IF4 | I am willing to reschedule my travel plans. | Lee et al. (2020); World Health Organization (2020a; World Health Organization (2020b) | |
| IF5 | I am willing to follow my government to lock down the country, city, and community. | University of Michigan School of Public Health (2020) | |
| Actual Behavior | AB1 | I am practicing proper handwashing to prevent the spread of the virus. | UNICEF (2020); Luo et al. (2020) |
| AB2 | I use hand sanitizer more often during the COVID-19 outbreak. | Pradhan et al. (2020) | |
| AB3 | I always wash my hands whenever I go outside. | New Zealand Government (2020) | |
| AB4 | I practice 1-meter social distancing to reduce unnecessary infections. | Wu and Mcgoogan (2020) | |
| AB5 | The company/school where I work/study implements work from home to prevent the spread of COVID-19. | Public Health of England (2020) | |
| AB6 | I always wear a face mask whenever I go outside during the COVID-19 outbreak. | Shaw et al. (2020) | |
| AB7 | I always dispose of my face mask properly. | Feng et al. (2020) | |
| Adapted Behavior | AD1 | I maintain a healthy lifestyle during the COVID-19 outbreak. | FAO (2020) |
| AD2 | I keep working from home during the COVID-19 outbreak. | Gorlick (2020) | |
| AD3 | I don't smoke during the COVID-19 outbreak. | Taghizadeh-Hesary and Akbari (2020) | |
| AD4 | I don't drink alcohol during the COVID-19 outbreak. | Feuer (2020) | |
| AD5 | I sleep at least 7 h per day during the COVID-19 outbreak. | Medalie (2020) | |
| Perceived Effectiveness | PE1 | I think the preventive protocols for the COVID-19 outbreak in my country are effective. | WHO (2020a) |
| PE2 | I think the preventive protocols for the COVID-19 outbreak in my community are informative. | WHO (2020b) | |
| PE3 | I think a healthy lifestyle will enhance my immunity. | Rula (2020) | |
| PE4 | I think social distancing can prevent the transmission of COVID-19. | Matrajt and Leung (2020) | |
| PE5 | I think a face mask can prevent the transmission of COVID-19. | Geggel (2020) | |
| PE6 | I think proper hygiene can prevent the transmission of COVID-19. | Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (2020) | |
| PE7 | I think lockdown is an effective way to prevent COVID-19. | Sasikumar (2020) |