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. 2019 Sep 19;54(3):683–712. doi: 10.1007/s10579-019-09475-3

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

The Pragmatic Taxonomy of Toponyms. A red border denotes Non-Toponyms. Classification algorithm: If the context indicates a literal or is ambiguous/mixed, then the type is literal. If the context is associative, then a for non-modifiers the toponym is associative b for modifiers, if the head is mobile and/or abstract, then the toponym is associative, otherwise it is literal