Table 1.

The interplay between context and semantics determines the type

Toponym type	NP semantics indicates	NP context indicates
Literals	Noun literal type	Literal type
Literal modifiers	Noun/adjectival literal	Literal or associativea
Mixed	Noun/adjectival literal	Ambiguous or mixed
Coercion	Non-Toponym	Literal type
Embedded literal	Non-Toponym	Literal type
Embedded nonLit	Non-Toponym	Associative type
Metonymy	Noun literal type	Associative type
Languages	Adjectival literal type	Associative type
Demonyms	Adjectival literal type	Associative type
Non-lit modifiers	Noun/adjectival literal	Associative type
Homonyms	Noun literal type	Associative type

The top five are the literals, the bottom six are the associative types. Examples of each type can be found in Fig. 1

^aNP head must be strongly indicative of a literal type, e.g.: “The Britishweather doesn’t seem to like us today”