Table 6.
Characteristics of the studies which analyzed the risk of prostate cancer induced by BPA exposure.
| Epigenetic modification | Effects | Study type | Species | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DNA methylation | Hypomethylation of the prostate cancer gene (PDE4D4) | In vivo/In vitro | Human | (59) |
| DNA methylation | • Aberrant NSBP1 promoter demethylation and transcriptional overexpression persisting in adult life • Aberrant HPCAL1 promoter hypermethylation and transcriptional suppression with a little degree of gene expression in adult life • High expression of DNMT3A and DNMT3B in early life, diminishing with aging • Involvement in early-life reprogramming of DNA methylation patterns in target genes such as NSBP1 or HPCAL1 |
In vitro | Rat | (63) |
| DNA methylation | DNA methylation-mediated gene expression of 6 genes linked to embryonic stem cell pluripotency | In vivo | Rat | (64) |
| DNA methylation | DNA hypomethylation of genes that confer carcinogenic risk | In vivo | Rat | (65) |
| DNA methylation | Deregulation of EZH2, DNMT1, DNMT3B and UHRF1 | In vitro | Human | (66) |
| DNA methylation | • Expression levels of p16 gene decreased significantly after promoter hypermethylation • p16-related histone modifications • Dose-dependent promoter hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes as BCR, PTGS2, TIMP3, and ZMYDN10 • Hypomethylation of PDLIM4 and PYCARD • Demethylation of GSTP1, LOX, MGMT, NEUROG, and TSC2 • Significant decrease of gene expression levels and downregulation of KDM5B and NSD1 measured in RT-PCR (real-time polymerase chain reaction) |
In vitro | Human | (67) |