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. 2020 Jul 2;9(3):499–513. doi: 10.1007/s40123-020-00278-2

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — The gut–eye axis in ocular diseases. Alterations in the gut microbiota have been shown to be associated with multiple ocular diseases, including diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, choroidal neovascularization, and uveitis. Various groups have shown that restructuring the gut microbiota by cellular and antibiotic therapies, intermittent fasting, and dietary intervention have potential therapeutic benefits in preventing/treating ocular diseases