Table 1. Items from the 5th KWCS used in this study.
| Variables | Question | Response options |
|---|---|---|
| Work engagement | (1) At work, I feel bursting with energy (vigor); (2) I am enthusiastic about my job (dedication); (3) Time flies when I am working (absorption) | 1 (Always) to 5 (Never) |
| Burnout | (4) I feel exhausted at the end of the working day (exhaustion); (5) I doubt the importance of my work (cynicism); (6) In my opinion, I am good at my job (professional efficacy) [22] | 1 (Always) to 5 (Never) |
| Work-family conflict | How often in the last 12 months, have you... | 1 (Always) to 5 (Never) |
| (1) worried about work when you were not working; (2) felt too tired after work to do some of the household jobs that need to be done; (3) found that your job prevented you from giving the time you wanted to give to your family; (4) found it difficult to concentrate on your job because of family responsibilities; (5) found that your family responsibilities prevented you from giving the time you should to your job. | ||
| Work intensity | Do you have enough time to get the job done? | 1 (Always) to 5 (Never) |
| Emotional demands | Does your main paid job involve being in situations that are emotionally disturbing for you? | 1 (All of the time) to 7 (Never) |
| Job control | Are you able to choose or change... (1) the order of your tasks; (2) your methods of work; (3) the speed or rate of work? | Yes or No |
| Supervisor support | Your manager helps and supports you. | 1 (Always) to 5 (Never) |
| Coworker support | Your colleagues help and support you. | 1 (Always) to 5 (Never) |
| Opportunities for development (quality) | Do you agree or disagree with the following statements regarding the training received over the last 12 months? | 1 (Strongly agree) to 5 (Strongly disagree) |
| (1) The training has helped me improve the way I work; (2) I feel that my job is more secure because of my training; (3) I feel that my prospects for future employment are better. | ||
| Opportunities for development (quantity) | Over the past 12 months, how many days in total did you spend in training paid for or provided by your employer? | 1 day or less, 2–3 days, 4–5 days, 6–9 days, 10–19 days, 20 days or more |
| Over the past 12 months, how many days in total did you spend in training paid for by yourself? | ||
| Organizational trust | These questions are about your workplace. To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? | 1 (Strongly agree) to 5 (Strongly disagree) |
| (1) Employees are appreciated when they have done a good job. (2) The management trusts the employees to do their work well. (3) Conflicts are resolved in a fair way. (4) The work is distributed fairly. (5) There is good cooperation between you and your colleagues. (6) In general, employees trust management. | ||
| Role clarity | You know what is expected of you at work. | 1 (All of the time) to 5 (At no time) |
| Psychological well-beinga | Please indicate which of the following five statements is closest to how you have been feeling over the last two weeks. (1) I have felt cheerful and in good spirits. (2) I have felt calm and relaxed. (3) I have felt active and vigorous. (4) I wake up feeling fresh and rested. (5) My daily life has been filled with things that interest me. | 1 (All of the time) to 5 (At no time) |
| Job satisfaction | On the whole, how would you describe your feelings about the working conditions in your main paid job? | Very satisfied; Satisfied; Not very satisfied; Not at all satisfied |
KWCS: Korean Working Conditions Survey; WHO-5: World Health Organization Five Well-Being Index.
aThe inter-rater reliability of the psychological well-being measure (WHO-5) in a previous study was 0.80 [23].