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Relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals for each primary study by region and subtype (CD = Crohn’s disease; UC = ulcerative colitis. The pooled summary effects are shown at the base of the plot aligned with ‘All’. Vertical dashed lines are shown at RR=1 to indicate the null effect (confidence intervals that do not include 1 are statistically significant at P<0.05)
