Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of study participants, the IMI DIRECT cohorts.
|
Cohort I (n = 403) |
Cohort II (n = 458) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Mean or n |
SD or% |
Mean or n |
SD or% |
|
| Sex (female)% | 234 | 59.1 | 183 | 41.8 |
| Age (years) | 64 | 8 | 62 | 7.9 |
| Diet quality | ||||
| Tpred metabolic score [range −3.5, 3.5] | −0.6 | 0.9 | −0.6 | 0.7 |
| HDI diet score [range 0, 12] | 4.6 | 2.7 | 4.8 | 2.6 |
| Daily energy (kcal) intake | 1753.5 | 610.7 | 1802.5 | 618.9 |
| Alcohol% | ||||
| No alcohol | 315 | 69 | 380 | 73 |
| Within UK guidelines | 76 | 17 | 64 | 12 |
| Above UK guidelines | 65 | 14 | 77 | 15 |
| Cigarette smoking% | ||||
| Never | 149 | 37 | 190 | 43 |
| Former | 192 | 48 | 197 | 45 |
| Current | 57 | 14 | 51 | 12 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.9 | 4.2 | 30.8 | 5.1 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 102.1 | 11 | 102.6 | 13.8 |
| Liver fat (%) | 5.2 | 4.6 | 8.6 | 7.8 |
| Glycaemic & cardio-metabolic traits | ||||
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.6 | 0.9 | 6.9 | 1.4 |
| Insulin (pmol/mol) | 11.9 | 16.3 | 103.9 | 70.4 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 38.1 | 3.2 | 46.5 | 5.9 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.3 | 0.6 | 1.4 | 0.8 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.4 | 0.9 | 2.3 | 0.9 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.2 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 0.4 |
Abbreviations: Cohort 1; participants with normal or impaired glucose regulation, cohort 2; participants with diabetes type 2, Tpred, metabolic profile score; HDI, Healthy Diet Indicator WHO diet score.
aValues are unadjusted means (standard deviation) or n (%).