Table 4.
Characteristics Associated with Opioids Plus One and Opioids Plus ≥Two Additional Central Nervous System-Active Medications Compared to Opioids Only
|
Variable |
Depression models |
Anxiety models |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Opioids plus 1 |
Opioids plus ≥2 |
Opioids plus 1 |
Opioids plus ≥2 |
|||||
| Odds ratio | P value | Odds ratio | P value | Odds ratio | P value | Odds ratio | P value | |
| Female | 1.31 | <0.0001 | 1.63 | <0.0001 | 1.27 | <0.0001 | 1.56 | <0.0001 |
| Age 65–69 | 1.26 | <0.0001 | 2.67 | <0.0001 | 1.26 | <0.0001 | 2.69 | <0.0001 |
| Age 70–74 | 1.17 | <0.0001 | 2.07 | <0.0001 | 1.16 | <0.0001 | 2.08 | <0.0001 |
| Age 75–79 | 1.11 | <0.0001 | 1.59 | <0.0001 | 1.11 | <0.0001 | 1.59 | <0.0001 |
| Age 80–84 | 1.07 | 0.0003 | 1.26 | <0.0001 | 1.07 | 0.0009 | 1.25 | <0.0001 |
| Minority low | 1.14 | <0.0001 | 1.18 | <0.0001 | 1.13 | <0.0001 | 1.15 | <0.0001 |
| Minority medium | 1.16 | <0.0001 | 1.22 | <0.0001 | 1.14 | <0.0001 | 1.20 | <0.0001 |
| Income low | 1.16 | <0.0001 | 1.13 | <0.0001 | 1.15 | <0.0001 | 1.11 | <0.0001 |
| Income middle | 1.09 | <0.0001 | 1.05 | 0.004 | 1.08 | <0.0001 | 1.04 | 0.01 |
| Midwest | 0.93 | <0.0001 | 0.80 | <0.0001 | 0.93 | <0.0001 | 0.80 | <0.0001 |
| Northeast | 0.90 | <0.0001 | 0.76 | <0.0001 | 0.89 | <0.0001 | 0.75 | <0.0001 |
| West | 0.96 | 0.005 | 0.86 | <0.0001 | 0.98 | 0.13 | 0.89 | <0.0001 |
| Plan type: medium | 1.07 | 0.04 | 0.95 | 0.22 | 1.07 | 0.03 | 0.96 | 0.35 |
| Plan type: others | 0.99 | 0.65 | 0.95 | 0.007 | 1.00 | 0.75 | 0.96 | 0.01 |
| PCP per 100,000 capita | 1.00 | 0.003 | 1.00 | <0.0001 | 1.00 | 0.005 | 1.00 | <0.0001 |
| HCC Score 0.50 to <1.20 | 1.28 | <0.0001 | 1.51 | <0.0001 | 1.28 | <0.0001 | 1.55 | <0.0001 |
| HCC Score 1.20 to <2.80 | 1.66 | <0.0001 | 2.34 | <0.0001 | 1.67 | <0.0001 | 2.44 | <0.0001 |
| HCC Score ≥2.8 | 2.21 | <0.0001 | 3.32 | <0.0001 | 2.23 | <0.0001 | 3.53 | <0.0001 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis dx | 1.08 | <0.0001 | 1.09 | 0.0003 | 1.09 | <0.0001 | 1.10 | <0.0001 |
| Opioid use disorders | 1.41 | <0.0001 | 1.79 | <0.0001 | 1.37 | <0.0001 | 1.71 | <0.0001 |
| Depression dx | 1.37 | <0.0001 | 2.27 | <0.0001 | - | - | - | - |
| Anxiety dx | - | - | - | - | 1.80 | <0.0001 | 3.21 | <0.0001 |
| Insomnia dx | 2.06 | <0.0001 | 3.70 | <0.0001 | 1.97 | <0.0001 | 3.46 | <0.0001 |
| Low back pain dx | 1.49 | <0.0001 | 1.86 | <0.0001 | 1.48 | <0.0001 | 1.83 | <0.0001 |
| Injurious falls/fractures dx | 0.93 | <0.0001 | 1.12 | <0.0001 | 0.92 | <0.0001 | 1.11 | <0.0001 |
Notes: Reference categories include: male; age ≥85; minority high; income high; South; plan type: high; HCC Score <0.50; no rheumatoid arthritis; no opioid use disorders; no depression; no anxiety; no insomnia; no low back pain, and no injurious falls/fractures.
dx, diagnosis code; HCC, Hierarchical Condition Category; PCP, primary care provider.