Table 5.

Adjusted Odds Ratios for Injurious Falls/Fractures Associated with Opioids and Other Central Nervous System-Active Medications: Plus One and Plus ≥Two

Variable	Depression model Injurious falls/fractures		Anxiety model Injurious falls/fractures
	Odds ratio	P value	Odds ratio	P value
Opioids plus 1 CNS medication	0.96	0.02	0.95	0.003
Opioids plus ≥2 CNS medications	1.18	<0.0001	1.18	<0.0001
Female	1.30	<0.0001	1.31	<0.0001
Age 70–74	1.35	<0.0001	1.34	<0.0001
Age 75–79	1.80	<0.0001	1.79	<0.0001
Age 80–84	2.62	<0.0001	2.60	<0.0001
Age ≥85	3.45	<0.0001	3.43	<0.0001
Minority low	1.09	0.02	1.09	0.02
Minority medium	1.07	0.06	1.07	0.05
Income low	1.02	0.35	1.00	0.97
Income middle	0.99	0.40	0.98	0.21
Midwest	1.12	<0.0001	1.14	<0.0001
Northeast	1.17	<0.0001	1.17	<0.0001
West	0.99	0.69	1.01	0.61
Plan type: medium	0.83	<0.0001	0.83	<0.0001
Plan type: others	0.93	0.0002	0.93	<0.0001
PCP per 100,000 capita	1.00	<0.0001	1.00	<0.0001
Rheumatoid arthritis dx	1.16	<0.0001	1.19	<0.0001
Opioid use disorders	1.54	<0.0001	1.56	<0.0001
Depression dx	2.09	<0.0001	-	-
Anxiety dx	-	-	1.74	<0.0001
Insomnia dx	1.31	<0.0001	1.33	<0.0001
Low back pain dx	0.36	<0.0001	0.35	<0.0001

Notes: Reference categories included: male; age 65–69; minority high; income high; South; plan type: high; no rheumatoid arthritis; no opioid use disorders; no depression; no anxiety; no insomnia; and no low back pain.

CNS, central nervous system; dx, diagnosis code; PCP, primary care provider.