Table 1.
Biochemical and hormonal levels in healthy controls, FDRs, and Type 2 DM prior to Ramadan fasting.
| Parameters | Control (n = 31) |
FDRs (n = 37) |
Type 2 DM (n = 30) |
P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C vs. F | C vs. D | F vs. D | ||||
| Age (years) | 34.61 ± 4.31 | 34.35 ± 3.83 | 50.17 ± 12.95 | 0.990 | 5.1 × 10−9 | 5.1 × 10−9 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.18 ± 3.05 | 24.76 ± 4.37 | 25.55 ± 4.49 | 0.028 | 0.004 | 0.701 |
| WC (cm) | 90.86 ± 8.53 | 92.94 ± 9.03 | 99.83 ± 14.20 | 0.708 | 0.004 | 0.028 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 111.16 ± 3.33 | 119.00 ± 5.34 | 124.30 ± 4.11 | 4.9 × 10−7 | 5.1 × 10−9 | 0.004 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 81.74 ± 3.37 | 81.78 ± 2.69 | 83.30 ± 2.49 | 0.999 | 0.274 | 0.403 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dl) | 118.10 ± 36.00 | 126.65 ± 50.41 | 153.79 ± 57.40 | 0.752 | 0.014 | 0.066 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 154.75 ± 19.58 | 184.98 ± 29.01 | 184.69 ± 35.31 | 1.1 × 10−8 | 2.74 × 10−8 | 0.999 |
| HDL-c (mg/dl) | 39.57 ± 7.12 | 37.25 ± 7.32 | 38.30 ± 9.55 | 0.465 | 0.810 | 0.858 |
| LDL-c (mg/dl) | 103.62 ± 25.00 | 112.27 ± 23.69 | 111.15 ± 28.12 | 0.349 | 0.485 | 0.983 |
| FBG (mmol/l) | 4.47 ± 0.35 | 4.58 ± 0.49 | 7.63 ± 2.23 | 0.937 | 5.1 × 10−9 | 5.1 × 10−9 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.19 ± 0.36 | 5.51 ± 0.48 | 8.26 ± 1.75 | 0.404 | 5.1 × 10−9 | 5.1 × 10−9 |
| C-peptide (ng/ml) | 0.96 ± 0.42 | 1.18 ± 0.44 | 1.87 ± 0.53 | 0.120 | 5.2 × 10−9 | 1.4 × 10−7 |
| Insulin (pmol/l) | 99.37 ± 40.62 | 130.98 ± 46.43 | 226.95 ± 75.05 | 0.054 | 5.1 × 10−9 | 5.2 × 10−9 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.78 ± 0.71 | 2.32 ± 0.82 | 4.43 ± 1.55 | 0.095 | 5.1 × 10−9 | 5.1 × 10−9 |
| HOMA-β (%) | 178.52 ± 49.84 | 208.19 ± 58.08 | 142.27 ± 76.59 | 0.127 | 0.064 | 1 × 10−4 |
| HOMA-S (%) | 66.32 ± 26.43 | 49.51 ± 20.99 | 24.96 ± 7.77 | 0.003 | 1 × 10−6 | 9 × 10−6 |
| GH (ng/ml) | 1.92 ± 0.69 | 1.80 ± 0.44 | 0.79 ± 0.20 | 0.565 | 5.1 × 10−9 | 5.1 × 10−9 |
| hs-CRP∗ (mg/l) | 0.37 (0.31-0.42) | 0.50 (0.40-0.59) | 0.57 (0.49-0.65) | 0.055 | 0.002 | 0.360 |
| Leptin (ng/ml) | 20.03 ± 8.70 | 23.70 ± 7.91 | 79.22 ± 26.33 | 0.819 | 5.1 × 10−9 | 5.15 × 10−9 |
| Adiponectin (IU/ml) | 19.04 ± 2.18 | 17.90 ± 2.66 | 15.67 ± 2.28 | 0.397 | 0.001 | 0.038 |
| LAR | 1.11 ± 0.61 | 1.41 ± 0.69 | 5.29 ± 2.29 | 0.883 | 2.8 × 10−8 | 1 × 10−6 |
Data are presented as means ± SD. ∗Data are presented as geometric mean and 95% confidence interval of mean evaluated by ANOVA. C vs. F: a comparison between control and FDRs; C vs. D: a comparison between control and Type 2 DM; F vs. D: a comparison between FDRs and Type 2 DM.