Table 2.
Effect of Ramadan fasting on biochemical and hormonal levels in healthy controls, FDRs, and Type 2 DM.
| Groups | Control | FDRs | Type 2 DM | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Ramadan | P value | Baseline | Ramadan | P value | Baseline | Ramadan | P value | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.18 ± 3.05 | 22.14 ± 3.04 | 0.070 | 24.76 ± 4.37 | 24.70 ± 4.31 | 0.108 | 25.55 ± 4.49 | 25.51 ± 4.38 | 0.293 |
| WC (cm) | 90.86 ± 8.53 | 90.75 ± 8.59 | 0.085 | 92.94 ± 9.03 | 92.91 ± 8.89 | 0.629 | 99.83 ± 14.20 | 99.61 ± 14.27 | 0.024 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 111.16 ± 3.33 | 111.38 ± 3.51 | 0.622 | 119.00 ± 5.34 | 118.28 ± 6.47 | 0.547 | 124.30 ± 4.11 | 124.00 ± 6.16 | 0.811 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 81.74 ± 3.37 | 82.41 ± 3.64 | 0.392 | 81.78 ± 2.69 | 81.78 ± 3.26 | 1.00 | 83.30 ± 2.49 | 84.30 ± 2.59 | 0.090 |
| TG (mg/dl) | 118.10 ± 36.00 | 111.33 ± 32.89 | 0.038 | 126.65 ± 50.41 | 124.64 ± 50.75 | 0.642 | 153.79 ± 57.40 | 144.56 ± 51.37 | 0.060 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 154.75 ± 19.58 | 159.93 ± 26.25 | 0.198 | 184.98 ± 29.01 | 178.38 ± 29.57 | 0.133 | 184.69 ± 35.31 | 175.27 ± 33.73 | 0.081 |
| HDL-c (mg/dl) | 39.57 ± 7.12 | 40.24 ± 6.23 | 0.549 | 38.48 ± 6.75 | 38.48 ± 6.75 | 0.259 | 38.30 ± 9.55 | 37.34 ± 7.11 | 0.395 |
| LDL-c (mg/dl) | 103.62 ± 25.00 | 111.57 ± 23.91 | 1.7 × 10−8 | 112.27 ± 23.69 | 112.18 ± 26.36 | 0.978 | 111.15 ± 28.12 | 106.03 ± 30.15 | 0.371 |
| FBG (mmol/l) | 4.47 ± 0.35 | 5.23 ± 0.42 | 4.1 × 10−11 | 4.58 ± 0.49 | 5.12 ± 0.56 | 2.2 × 10−13 | 7.63 ± 2.23 | 7.47 ± 1.80 | 0.651 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.19 ± 0.36 | 4.99 ± 0.60 | 0.041 | 5.51 ± 0.48 | 4.98 ± 0.44 | 1.1 × 10−14 | 8.26 ± 1.75 | 7.40 ± 1.49 | 1 × 10−6 |
| C-peptide (ng/ml) | 0.96 ± 0.42 | 0.90 ± 0.40 | 0.079 | 1.18 ± 0.44 | 1.34 ± 0.50 | 3 × 10−6 | 1.87 ± 0.53 | 2.14 ± 0.61 | 1 × 10−6 |
| Insulin (pmol/l) | 99.37 ± 40.62 | 99.69 ± 40.25 | 0.919 | 130.98 ± 46.48 | 147.96 ± 55.48 | 0.001 | 226.95 ± 75.05 | 263.90 ± 86.25 | 1.4 × 10−9 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.78 ± 0.71 | 1.85 ± 0.73 | 0.155 | 2.32 ± 0.82 | 2.69 ± 1.01 | 4.8 × 10−5 | 4.43 ± 1.55 | 5.11 ± 1.74 | 1.3 × 10−7 |
| HOMA-β (%) | 178.52 ± 49.84 | 131.65 ± 37.07 | 2.8 × 10−8 | 208.19 ± 58.08 | 183.76 ± 59.11 | 0.010 | 142.27 ± 76.59 | 149.08 ± 50.34 | 0.663 |
| HOMA-S (%) | 66.23 ± 26.43 | 61.84 ± 21.79 | 0.059 | 49.51 ± 20.99 | 42.11 ± 18.00 | 0.005 | 24.96 ± 7.77 | 21.41 ± 5.89 | 3 × 10−6 |
| GH (ng/ml) | 1.92 ± 0.69 | 1.57 ± 0.46 | 2.4 × 10−8 | 1.80 ± 0.44 | 1.35 ± 0.27 | 1.2 × 10−9 | 0.79 ± 0.20 | 0.75 ± 0.21 | 0.230 |
| hs-CRP∗ (mg/l) | 0.37 (0.31-0.42) | 0.48 (0.41-0.54) | 0.009 | 0.50 (0.40-0.59) | 0.51 (0.42-0.59) | 0.744 | 0.57 (0.49-0.65) | 0.58 (0.42-0.59) | 0.871 |
| Leptin (ng/ml) | 20.03 ± 8.70 | 24.91 ± 7.79 | 3.4 × 10−8 | 23.70 ± 7.91 | 27.37 ± 9.15 | 5 × 10−5 | 79.22 ± 26.33 | 82.46 ± 26.23 | 9 × 10−5 |
| Adiponectin (IU/ml) | 19.04 ± 2.18 | 17.70 ± 2.33 | 3.3 × 10−7 | 17.90 ± 2.66 | 16.70 ± 2.60 | 2.6 × 10−7 | 15.67 ± 2.28 | 14.51 ± 2.51 | 0.005 |
| LAR | 1.11 ± 0.61 | 1.48 ± 0.67 | 7.2 × 10−9 | 1.41 ± 0.69 | 1.75 ± 0.84 | 1.3 × 10−5 | 5.29 ± 2.29 | 6.09 ± 3.00 | 0.022 |
Data are presented as means ± SD. ∗Data are presented as geometric mean and 95% confidence interval of mean evaluated by ANOVA. Significant difference were indicated when p < 0.05 (which are highlighted in bold).