Table 3.

Risk of bias (Cochrane Critical Appraisal Skills Program Tool^a).

	Q1	Q2	Q3	Q4	Q5	Q6	Q7	Total score/7	Quality Score, %
Ashe, 2016 [20]	Lb	L	Hc	Ud	H	L	L	4.5	64
Buis, 2017 [21]	L	L	U	U	U	L	L	5.5	79
Cadmus-Bertram, 2015 [22]	L	L	L	U	U	U	H	4.5	64
Godino, 2013 [23]	L	L	L	U	L	L	L	6.5	93
Hurling, 2007 [24]	L	L	L	U	H	L	L	5.5	79
Jakicic, 2016 [25]	L	L	L	U	L	L	L	6.5	93
Martin, 2015 [26]	L	L	L	U	H	L	L	5.5	79
Melton, 2016 [27]	L	L	L	L	U	L	L	6.5	93
Poirier, 2007 [28]	L	L	H	U	L	L	L	5.5	79
Shrestha, 2013 [29]	L	H	L	L	L	L	L	6	86
Thorndike, 2014 [31]	L	U	L	L	H	U	L	5	71
Thompson, 2014 [30]	L	H	L	U	L	L	L	6	86
Category Score (%)	100	88	79	45	54	88	100

^aCochrane risk of bias tool. Q1: Were there selection bias (biased allocation to interventions) due to inadequate generation of a randomized sequence? Q2: Were there selective bias (biased allocation to interventions) due to inadequate concealment of allocations prior to assignment? Q3: Were there reporting bias due to selective outcome report? Q4: Were there bias due to problems not covered elsewhere in the table? Q5: Were there performance bias due to knowledge of the allocated interventions by participants and personnel during the study? Q6: Were there detection bias due to knowledge of the allocated interventions by outcome assessors? Q7: Were there attribution bias due to amount, nature, or handling or incomplete outcome data?

^bL: low risk.

^cH: high risk.

^dU: unclear risk.