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The central role of epigenetic mechanisms in the hallmarks of cancer. Epigenetic alterations comprise DNA methylation, histone modifications, and noncoding RNAs. Ageing and environmental factors collaborate with epigenetic mechanisms to contribute to the different hallmarks. The hallmarks of cancer are shaped by the enabling characteristics: “genomic instability and mutation and tumor-promoting inflammation” that in turn lead to abnormalities in epigenetic mechanisms.
