The mRNA expressions of the transporters, enzymes, and cancer proliferative factors in the nontumor and tumor regions. (A) Amino acids, glucose, and monocarboxylates transporters, (B) Energy metabolic enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis, glutaminolysis, and branched-chain amino acid catabolism. (C) Cancer proliferation factors. The mRNA expression level was standardized by using 18SrRNA. Data are presented as the mean ± the standard error of the relation to the expression level in the nontumor region. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, †P<0.001, and ‡P<0.0001, compared to the nontumor region, and based on the paired Student’s t-test. Abbreviation: 18SrRNA, 18S ribosomal RNA; ASCT2, system ASC transporter 2 (SLC1A5); ATB0,+, amino acid transporter responsible for the activity of system B0,+ (SLC6A14); BCAA, branched-chain amino acid; BCAT2, branched-chain amino acid transaminase-2; GLS1, glutaminase 1; Glut-1 & -3, glucose transporter type 1 & type 3 (SLC2A1 & SLC2A3); HIF-1α & β, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α & β; LAT-1 & -3, L-type amino acid transporter 1 & 3 (SLC7A5 & SLC43A1); MCT1 & 4, monocarboxylate transporter (SLC16A1 & SLC16A7); PCK1 &2, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 & 2; VEGFα, vascular endothelial growth factor α; xCT, system xc
- transporter-related protein (SLC7A11).