Table 3.
Cellular responses of the PMMA-based BCs containing MWCNTs, CS/MWCNTs, HA/GO, HA/CNTs, PCL-FA-GO, CS/GO, AG, G and GO reinforcing agents.
| Sample | Cellular Assay | Cell Type | Target Tissue | Application | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PMMA/MWCNTs | MG-63 osteoblastic cells successfully adhered to and proliferated on the surfaces of all MWCNTs–PMMA cement | Osteoblast-like MG-63 cells | Bone | In vitro | [82] |
| PMMA-CS/MWCNTs (with 25 wt % CS/MWCNTs containing 2.5 wt % CS and 0.5 wt % MWCNTs) | The activity of the osteocyte cells leads to the formation of the ECM. | Human osteosarcoma cell line MG-63 | Bone | In vitro | [90] |
| PMMA/MWCNTs | Promoted cell adhesion, induced osteogenic differentiation, Promoted osseointegration, | Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs) | Bone | In vitro | [91] |
| PMMA/ HA (67 wt %)/GO (0.5 wt/wt %) | Induce calcium phosphate high cell viability, low apoptosis, and extensive spread on disc surfaces | L929 fibroblasts and human Saos-2 osteoblasts | Bone | In vitro | [92] |
| PMMA/HA (67 wt %)/functionalized CNTs (0.1 wt/wt %) | Induce calcium phosphate high cell viability, low apoptosis, and extensive spread on disc surfaces | L929 fibroblasts and human Saos-2 osteoblasts | Bone | In vitro | [92] |
| PMMA- HA/GO | Adhere and then grow on all these surfaces by high cell viability | L929 fibroblasts and human Saos-2 osteoblasts | Bone | In vitro | [99] |
| PMMA-PCL-FA-GO | The viability of MG-63 osteoblast cells enhanced after the use of GO and FA in the PMMA-PCL polymer BC | MG-63 osteoblast cells | Bone | In vitro | [100] |
| PMMA-CS/GO (with 25 wt % CS/GO containing 2 and 0.3 wt % CS and GO respectively) | The improvement of cell viability, growth, and cell adhesion | Human osteosarcoma cell line MG-63 | Bone | In vitro | [101] |
| PMMA/AG | The BC-AG has offered very conducive microenvironment to the surrounding cells for proper growth and proliferation to rapid mineral secretion | - | Bone | In vivo | [104] |
| PMMA/G (0.1 wt % G) | Did not invoke a cytotoxic response, thereby demonstrating an adequate level of biocompatibility | Osteoblast precursor cell line (MC3-T3) | Bone | In vitro | [105] |
| PMMA/GO (0.1 wt % GO) | Did not invoke a cytotoxic response, thereby demonstrating an adequate level of biocompatibility | Osteoblast precursor cell line (MC3-T3) | Bone | In vitro | [105] |