Fig. 3.

Association of history of cerebrovascular disease and severe clinical manifestation of COVID-19 among included studies. Forest plots illustrating associations of history of CVD and severe clinical manifestation of COVID-19 for composite severity outcome subsuming all definitions of severity as reported by included studies (a) as well as for clusters of studies defining severity by grading of clinical parameters (b), whether patients required intensive care (c), and in-hospital death (d). Composite outcome analysis as well as assessment of each cluster included only studies that have not shown any overlap in study populations during full text evaluation. Individual patient data from German multicenter cohort were evaluated for severity based on the Chinese Clinical Guidance for COVID-19 Pneumonia Diagnosis and Treatment