Table 5.
Crude and Adjusted Rate Ratios of Parkinson Disease Associated With Ever Use of β-Blockers Compared With No Use, United Kingdom, 1995–2016
| Cases | Controls a | Adjusted RR b | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposure | No. | % | No. | % | Crude RR | 95% | CI |
| No use | 6,786 | 78.9 | 72,552 | 84.3 | 1.00 | 1.00 | Referent |
| β-blockers | 1,818 | 21.1 | 13,488 | 15.7 | 1.49 | 1.45 | 1.37, 1.54 |
| Cumulative duration of use, years | |||||||
| <1 | 780 | 9.1 | 4,830 | 5.6 | 1.76 | 1.70 | 1.57, 1.85 |
| 1–5 | 696 | 8.1 | 5,339 | 6.2 | 1.43 | 1.39 | 1.28, 1.52 |
| >5 | 342 | 4.0 | 3,319 | 3.9 | 1.15 | 1.13 | 1.00, 1.27 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; RR, rate ratio.
a Cases and controls were matched on age, sex, date of cohort entry, and duration of follow-up.
b Adjusted for variables listed in Table 1 and use of β-blockers and antimuscarinic drugs.