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. 2020 Jul 9;9(7):1652. doi: 10.3390/cells9071652

Figure 3.

Figure 3

The physiological role angiotensin system in cardiovascular system. (A) Angiotensinogen is cleaved by renin and produces angiotensin I (Ang 1–10). Ang 1–10 is substrate for both ACE and ACE2. While ACE generates Ang 1–8, ACE2 cleaves Ang-10 and generates Ang 1–9. Ang 1–8 is a major substrate for ACE2 which produces Ang 1–7. (B) Ang (1–8) serves as a ligand for G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), AT1R and AT2R. Activation of AT1R promotes vasoconstriction, fibrotic remodeling, and inflammation. Stimulation of AT2R leads to vasodilation and growth inhibition. On the other hand, peptides produced by ACE2 (Ang 1–9 and Ang 1–7) bind to GPCR, Mas receptor leading to its activation and promotes vasodilation, anti-fibrosis, and anti-inflammation effects. AA, Arachidonic acid.