Table 1.

Treatment of mCRC

Category	Program	Indications	Complications	Efficacy	Ref.
Surgical treatment (Primary resection +)	Partial hepatectomy	Except for unresectable extrahepatic disease, tumor involvement over 70% of liver, liver failure and intolerance to surgery	Liver failure, postoperative bleeding, heart failure, systemic sepsis	The 5-year survival rate in patients with surgery combined with chemotherapy is 50%	[14,33,34]
	Partial pneumonectomy	Feasible complete resection, control of the primary tumor	Respiratory secretion retention, atelectasis, bronchopleural fistula	The 5-year survival rate is 25% to 35%	[8,35,36]
	CRS+HIPEC	Well/moderately differentiation without extraperitoneal metastasis	Anastomotic fistula, bleeding, wound infection, neutropenia	The 5-year survival rate is 31%	[15,37]
Radiotherapy	Traditional radiotherapy	A palliative treatment for extensive mCRC	Radiation damage	Local symptom remission	[17,18]
	SBRT	Oligometastatic CRC	Radiation hepatitis/pneumonia/enteritis	Improvement of local control rate	[17,18]
Chemotherapy	FOLFIRI	A palliative/conversion/adjuvant therapy for mCRC	Febrile neutropenia, nausea, vomiting	The median OS is 16.2 months	[19,38]
	FOLFOX	A palliative/conversion/adjuvant therapy for mCRC	Neutropenia, low platelet count, peripheral neuropathy	The median OS is 19.5 months	[20,34]
	CapeOX	A palliative/conversion/adjuvant therapy for mCRC	Diarrhea, hand-foot syndrome, peripheral neuropathy	The median OS is 16.3 months	[21,39]
	FOLFOXIRI	A palliative/conversion/adjuvant therapy for mCRC	Neutropenia, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, peripheral neurotoxicity	The median OS is 19.6 months	[22,40]
Interventional therapy	Radiofrequency ablation, cryoablation or microwave ablation	A palliative/conversion/adjuvant therapy for mCRC	Local recurrence, low fever, abdominal pain, muscle pain, nausea, vomiting, liver damage	Improvement of progression-free survival	[41,42]
	Chemical/radiotherapy pharmaceuticals embolization or topical use of chemotherapy pharmaceuticals	Extensive mCRC insensitive to canonical chemotherapeutics	Local recurrence, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, liver function damage	Improvement of progression-free survival	[43]
Biotherapy	EGFR targeting monoclonal antibody	K-ras wild-type patients combined with chemotherapy	Rashes, allergic reactions, and hypomagnesemia	Improvement of progression-free survival	[44-46]
	VEGF targeting monoclonal antibody	Combination with chemotherapy	Hypertension, proteinuria, thromboembolism	Improvement of progression-free survival	[25,46]
	Immunity inhibitors	dMMR/MSI-H patients	Lipase concentration and amylase concentration increased	Improvement of progression-free survival	[29-31]