Table 1.

Green seaweed-derived products and their reported applications.

Type of Green Seaweed	Products	Preparation Methods	Applications	Reference
Ulva lactuca	Acetone, butanol, ethanol, 1,2-propanediol, and organic acid	Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol (ABE) fermentation by using Clostridium acetobutylicum and Clostridium beijerinckii	The possibility of using rhamnose-rich seaweeds as feedstock for 1,2-propanediol production	[19]
Ulva lactuca	Butanol	ABE fermentation by using Clostridium beijerinckii and Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum	Biofuels	[20]
Ulva sp.	Bio-hydrogen	Dark fermentation by using Clostridium butyricum CGS5	Bioenergy	[21]
Ulva lactuca	Biodiesel	Transesterification process	Biofuel	[26]
Ulva fasciata	Biodiesel	Transesterification process	Biofuel	[27]
Ulva sp. mixed with cow dung	Biogas and bio-fertilizer	Anaerobic digestion	Organic fertilizer—for the growth of mung bean Biogas—as biofuel	[23]
Ulva lactuca	Biogas, sap, ulvan, and protein	Individual and sequential extractions Anaerobic digestion	High value chemicals Biofuels	[24]
Ulva fasciata	Dry solid material	The seaweed was used as adsorbent after washing, drying in sunlight, and cutting	The removal of copper from its aqueous solution	[28]
Cladophora sericioides	Modified composite form	The green seaweed was modified by L-cysteine and used as adsorbent	The removal of copper from its aqueous solution	[31]
Ulva lactuca	Activated carbon	The green seaweed activated carbon was prepared by using highly concentrated sulfuric acid	The removal of toxic hexavalent chromium ions from aqueous solution, saline water, and wastewater	[29]
Ulva lactuca	Biochar	The biochar was prepared by pyrolyzing the dried green seaweed at 300 °C for 2 h	Remediation of Remazol Brilliant Orange 3R in an up-flow fixed column	[46]
Cladophora glomerata, Ulva intestinalis and Microspora amoena	Dry solid material	The dry green seaweeds were used as adsorbent directly	The removal of hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) from aqueous solution	[32]
Ulva lactuca	Sap, lipids, ulvan, and protein	Seaweed biorefinery	The applications in food, cosmetics, therapeutics, and biofuels	[17]
Ulva lactuca	Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs)	Depolymerization, bleaching, acid hydrolysis, and mechanical dispersion	The improvement of the mechanical properties of polymer materials for food packaging	[39]
Cladophora rupestris	Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs)	Hyrobromic acid hydrolysis	The improvement of the mechanical strength of starch-based films	[40]