Figure 1.

Transcription and post-transcription regulation of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) can be affected by several direct and indirect mechanisms involving circular RNAs (circRNAs), pseudo-genes ($\mathsf{\Psi }$-genes) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Some of these processes act on the transcription rate in the nucleus through the specific RNA–RNA complex, some others help the stability of mRNA molecules in the cytoplasm. Alongside this, the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) mechanism offers a parallel and complementary way through the same actors, protein coding and non-coding RNAs, but instead mediated by microRNAs (miRNAs).