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. 2020 Jul 1;9(7):1591. doi: 10.3390/cells9071591

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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ATRA enhances LPS-induced pro-IL-1β and NLRP3 expression in human MΦs. MΦs were pre-incubated with ATRA (1 µM) where indicated prior to stimulation with LPS (100 ng/mL), then 5 mM ATP was applied for 45 min. (A) Representative immunoblot of NLRP3, pro-caspase-1, pro-IL-1β, and ASC from the cell lysates; and released caspase-1 and IL-1β in supernatant. Bar graphs represent the relative protein expression of pro-IL-1β and NLRP3 determined by densitometry. β-actin was used as the internal control. (B) The relative gene expression of pro-IL-1β and NLRP3 was measured by qPCR. The expression was normalized to the reference gene (human cyclophilin; Cyclo) expression. Data were obtained from at least four healthy donors. C, control (6 h mock-treated cells). All results are shown as means ± SEM. (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001). +, −, presence or absence of indicated substance, respectively

ATRA enhances LPS-induced pro-IL-1β and NLRP3 expression in human MΦs. MΦs were pre-incubated with ATRA (1 µM) where indicated prior to stimulation with LPS (100 ng/mL), then 5 mM ATP was applied for 45 min. (A) Representative immunoblot of NLRP3, pro-caspase-1, pro-IL-1β, and ASC from the cell lysates; and released caspase-1 and IL-1β in supernatant. Bar graphs represent the relative protein expression of pro-IL-1β and NLRP3 determined by densitometry. β-actin was used as the internal control. (B) The relative gene expression of pro-IL-1β and NLRP3 was measured by qPCR. The expression was normalized to the reference gene (human cyclophilin; Cyclo) expression. Data were obtained from at least four healthy donors. C, control (6 h mock-treated cells). All results are shown as means ± SEM. (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001). +, −, presence or absence of indicated substance, respectively