Table 2.

Mechanisms involved in regulating cellular TCTP levels.

Type of Regulation	Example	Mechanism Involved	References
Transcriptional	Induction by PMA	Transcription factor CREB	[58]
regulation	Copper stress reaction	Transcription and Translation	[59]
	Tumor suppressor p53	Inhibition of tpt1 transcription	[40]
	Insulin response	Transcription factor IRE-BP1	[31]
Translational	Induction of TCTP synthesis	via mTORC1-eIF4E signalling	[60]
regulation	- by growth stimuli	- in muscle	[61]
	- during axon guidance	- in retinal ganglion cells	[17]
	Negative regulation	Activation of PKR and	[62,63,64]
	in cell stress responses	phosphorylation of eIF2α
	Developmental regulation	mRNA stability regulation	[66]
	in Trypanosomes	via the 3′-UTR
	Regulation by micro-RNAs	miR-130a	[67]
	- in various cancers	miR-27b; miR-145-5p; miR-125-3p	[68,69,70]
Regulation	Stabilisation of TCTP	- by Mcl-1	[71]
of protein		- by Hsp27 (in prostate cancer)	[72,73]
degradation	DHA destabilises TCTP	Ubiquitin/proteasome pathway	[74]
	Partial degradation in mitosis	Ubiquitin/proteasome pathway	[75]
	Chaperone-mediated autophagy	Lysosomal degradation	[76]