Figure 1.

Inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). The OXPHOS metabolic pathway generates ATP by transporting electrons through a series of transmembrane complexes in the mitochondrial inner membrane, known as the electron transport chain (ETC). Electrons flow through complex I, complex II, coenzyme Q (Q), complex III, cytochrome c (C), and complex IV, with O₂ acting as the terminal electron acceptor. Therapeutic agents that are OXPHOS inhibitors are shown in red boxes. 3-NPA: 3-nitropropionic acid; TTFA: 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone.