Table 3.
Effect of the silencing of autophagy-essential elements on coronavirus replication.
| Gene a | Levels of Viral Infection/Replication b | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Lower | Equal | Higher | |
| ATG5/Atg5 | MHV [51], PEDV [58] | IBV [31,39], MHV [61] | MERS-CoV [45], TGEV [57] |
| ATG7/Atg7 | MHV [59] | TGEV [57] | |
| BECN1/Becn1 | PEDV [58] | IBV [39] | |
| LC3/Lc3 | MHV [59] | TGEV [57] | |
a silenced or knocked out gene (human/mouse). b in comparison to non-infected cells. Cell lines used: Vero [31] and human non-small cell lung carcinoma cells (H1299) [39] for IBV; Vero-B4 [45] for MERS-CoV; MEF [51,59,61] and mouse macrophages [61] for MHV; Vero-E6 [58] for PEDV and ST [57] for TGEV.