| AFP | alpha-fetoprotein |
| ANXA3 | Annexin A3 |
| ApoA-1 | apolipoprotein A1 |
| ASGPR | asialoglycoprotein receptor |
| CK | cytokeratin |
| CPS1 | carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 |
| CSCs | cancer stem cells |
| CTCs | circulating tumor cells |
| ctDNA | circulating tumor DNA |
| EMA | epithelial membrane antigen |
| EMT | epithelial to mesenchymal transition |
| EpCAM | epithelial cell adhesion molecule |
| FDA | the US Food and Drug Administration |
| GPC | glypican-3; GS: glutamine synthase |
| HBV | hepatitis b virus |
| HCC | hepatocellular carcinoma |
| Hep Par 1 | hepatocyte paraffin-1 |
| IGFBP1 | insulin like growth factor binding protein 1 |
| OS | overall survival |
| pERK | phosphorylated ERK |
| PFS | progression-free survival |
| ROC | receiver operating characteristic |
| RT-PCR | reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction |
| TACE | transcatheter arterial chemoembolization |
| TNM | tumor-node-metastasis |
| Treg | regulatory T cells |